The Debate Over Taboo Subjects - 2105 Words

Imagine yourself as a parent, going about your day when your preteen brings home a slip of paper from school that reads, â€Å"As part of the health component of physical education, teachers will be presenting material related to human reproduction, sexual health, etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Your stomach clenches, you start to sweat, and feel anxious about your child learning about such a topic. Why do you feel this why? Society as a whole feels uneasy about addressing taboo subjects, such as sex education, even when there are clear benefits to doing so. Similarly, the Deaf World is another taboo, mostly hidden away from the general public unless it affects your life directly. Secrecy about taboo subjects, such as sex and Deafness, can lead to the spread of misinformation. Our current ways of handling taboo subjects result in unfortunate consequences, and it is important to first analyze those consequences so that we understand why our methods have to change. Different approaches, such as usi ng honest and open communication during discussion, and garnering increased community involvement, have had overwhelmingly positive results on how sexual education is viewed. We can try to evaluate what benefits would arise if those same methods were applied when discussing the taboo subject of the Deaf World. It is important to look at the differences made when society addresses taboos head-on, rather than hiding or ignoring them. Increasing our awareness on taboo subjects can diminish our fears of naturalShow MoreRelatedTaboo1547 Words   |  7 PagesMinority Representation In Media I chose Jon Entine’s Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports And Why We’re Afraid to Talk About It for my book on minority representation in media. This book embarks on a subject that very few have been willing to discuss openly in the past fifty years. Why is the typical black athlete superior to the white athlete? And why do many feel it is wrong to analyze, discuss, or even wonder about something that seems so evident? This book offers the history behind AfricanRead MorePornography And Its Effect On Society926 Words   |  4 Pagesprogressed alongside society, and has climaxed, it seems, in the information age with almost unlimited access to any manner of pornographical work on the internet. In most forms, Pornography is legal within the United States, and is widely used despite its taboo nature. While statistics differ, it is likely that a majority of Americans have used pornography, and the industry is undoubtedly enormous. Despite it s ubiquity in American culture and the ease at which it can be obtained, the ethicalness of pornographyRead MoreCritical Response of Duff and Pugh Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesa metaphor for the inherent craftiness and untrustworthiness of many members of Parliament. In ‘Weasel Words’ she uses repeated denial in the Weasel’s speech to the house to imply a hidden agenda – we see this more and more every time a scandalous debate rises in parliament - the poem is as true today as it was at its time publication. The continuous subtle implication takes on a satirical fashion with her mockery of political slander between the politicians themselves – â€Å"If you put a weasel downRead MoreGay Men and Adoption Debate Essay536 Words   |  3 PagesGay Men and Adoption Debate My investigation is based on the issue ‘should gay men be allowed to adopt’. My aims are: (1) To find out how the media portray gay adoption (2) To uncover the attitudes of the general public toward gay adoption. I am interested in this issue because I believe that it is unfair that gay people suffer more prejudice than straight people when adopting a child. I think they should just be given the same checks as straight Read MoreDivorce Is Not A New Nor A Fading Trend1034 Words   |  5 Pagesnearly as much as the last century. In America data has recorded the divorce rate since the mid-880s. The data acquired over the years concludes that divorce went from being a social taboo to a trend among friends, effecting the social views on divorce itself, marriage, and children. In the beginning of the 20th century divorce was still a tabooed subject. As America hasdeveloped over the first half of the century it begged for divorce, but this was not so easily achieved in a â€Å"respectable society†Read MoreLeslie Sponsels Approach to Investigation of the Amazon Basin1632 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Leslie Sponsel takes a remarkably sensible approach to certain academic controversies over anthropological investigation of the Amazon Basin. To some degree, Sponsels article demands to be understood in a larger context within the overall ecosystem of academic anthropology, so to speak. As indicated in the title of her article, Sponsel approaches the subject with a special focus on adaptation, which necessarily implies changing conditions. As she notes in her introductory remarks: For convenienceRead MoreShould Religious Education Be Public Schools?1719 Words   |  7 Pagesunaware that Catholics were Christians too. This confusion and lack of religious knowledge is the norm in the United States. To combat this startling issue some have proposed we have religious education in our schools. Religion is a taboo issue and turns even more taboo when we involve children. Many oppose the teaching of region in our schools for the simple reason of separation of church and state. Another reason this is met with resistance would include all the reasons for which religion is frownedRead MoreThe Moral Issues Of Prostitution1585 Words   |  7 PagesIs it time that the U. S. Department of Justice legalize the worlds oldest profession in America? Could economic, health and safety reasons outweigh the moral issues of prostitution in a society that is now taking stances on issues that were once taboo? Prostitution in the United States has always had the moral stigma of being unacceptable in the eyes of its citizens, yet welcomed when prostitution has been used throughout our history to accomplish great things. Take for example the buildingRead MoreThe Development of Liberalism throught the Ages1377 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is the notion of an innate goodness and moral sensibility that governs the competition that creates the social dynamic, controlling the society economically . The liberalist also debate upon democracy as the tool of the majority to practice tyranny over the minority . Liberalism theory has also been subject to changes with time. Liberalism emerges from a general idea of protesting against a seat of power and differs from the radicals in the sense that their claims are moderated by an aversionRead MoreThe Hidden Potential Of Euthanasia1006 Words   |  5 PagesThis same image could come to mind with a person who chose to take their own life rather than le t a disease or terminal illness be the reason for them dying. There are very few people that imagine dying with dignity to be described as having control over whether or not a terminal illness will be the cause of their death. With the legalization of Euthanasia across the United States, more and more people will be aware of the benefits that it could have on our society. Euthanasia, by definition, is the

Analysis Of The Republic By Plato - 1111 Words

Hereafter, one finds themselves entering into the territory of the second metaphor enumerated by Plato in The Republic. The Image of the Line, once more is intended to give sustenance to the analyzation of goodness and is a direct relation to The Simile of the Sun. In this metaphor, Socrates describes a line which is to be unequally divided into four segments. The segments labeled A and B are to apportion for likenesses, or the visible realm. This, according to Plato, is a dangerous realm made for misconceptions and incompleteness. From this realm one can only witness the shadows and illusions of the material world which serve merely to conceive unreality. Here is where appearances reside and here is what our senses are able to perceive.†¦show more content†¦It is known that goodness exists in segment D and that an understanding of goodness is required to transcend into truth, but Socrates does not describe the progressions involved. In succession, arrives the subsequent and conclusive metaphor Plato generates as an armory for his discussion on goodness. This metaphor is referred to as The Allegory of the Cave and works to propagate a vivid vision of life according to the value of goodness, knowledge, and truth. Plato has one imagine an existence of limitation. Accordingly forcing one to view the methods of limitation prominent in their current circumstances and the influence of philosophy on the human condition as a whole. Socrates establishes this likeness through the statement, â€Å"They’re no different from us†¦ do you think they’d see anything of themselves and one another except the shadows cast by the fire on to the cave wall directly opposite them?† With this rhetorical technique one must put their own status adjacent to one of a person who is bound in a cave of darkness and lead to believe this is the totality of life. Nevertheless, as the allegory unfolds, an individual is pro vided the opportunity to experience light and expand their horizons multifold. At first the individual cannot comprehend the expansion and explosion of light, but then as reality dawns a sense of confusion ensues for what to do next, how can one explain this toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Plato ´s Republic974 Words   |  4 PagesRepublic, perhaps Plato’s most famous work focusing on justice and its values, is also home to Socrates’ unique ideas and the challenges that he faces throughout his dialogues with other philosophers. Nevertheless, justice is not the only topic that Plato examines in his work. In the Republic, a simple discussion of the justice and the different characteristics of cities, escalates into a discussion about the souls of individuals. Socrates starts out by offering an agreement to the fact that sinceRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic And The Letter Of The City Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1 Within Plato’s Republic, are various theories and ideas about justice and if it something that is just in itself. This essay is meant to shine light on three of the key concepts – (1) He has succeeded in Thrasymachus’s challenge, (2) being just provides more happiness than being unjust, and (3) the letter of the city is irrelevant and does not help his case. Thrasymachus’s theory is that there is no benefit to being just and that benefit would only com to the powerful. However,Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Plato s Republic1412 Words   |  6 PagesIn Plato’s Republic he has many examples of rhetoric. In regards to the controversial topic of women and eugenics in which Plato is almost forced into mentioning because of Adeimantus and Glaucon, he uses various rhetorical statements to portray his view on the matter. His readers believe women should be equal, so Plato attempts to persuade his readers into thinking he believes the same. For example, in the passage on women and family Plato states, â€Å"we shall assign these to each accordingly; butRead MoreThe Republic of Plato Book VII: A Close Analysis945 Words   |  4 PagesSocrates continues the conversation with Glaucon and now focuses on the obligation of the guardians and philosophers to serve the people as a result of their education. Socrates describes people in a cave since birth, bound so they can only see what is in front of them. There are shadows and sounds that can be observed but the source is unknown. Socrates says in 515c, â€Å"†¦such men would hold that the truth is nothing other than the shadows of artificial things.† Their reality is limited by theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic : The Definition Of Justice Essay986 Words   |  4 Pages In Plato’s Republic, Socrates begins a debate on the definition of justice. It starts off as a simple discussion on what justice means to some people. Eventually the discussion moves on how justice comes about it in an ideal city. Socrates eventually comes to the idea that an ideal city must have four virtues. These virtues happen to be: courage, wisdom, moderation, and justice. However, the only two virtues that applies to the city as a whole is justice and moderation. Whereas, courage is associatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic And Aristotle s Politics1375 Words   |  6 PagesMercedes Chien Dr. Joel Klein Contemporary Civilization 2 November 2015 Family in Political Society Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics both accredit nature to the teleological functions of men, women, and children. Nevertheless, each philosopher defines family differently to support their main goals of finding the right type of society. While Plato does not conform to the traditional definition of a family—with a husband, wife, and children—and instead defines the role of men and womenRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic And Aristotle s Nicomachean Ethics Essay2075 Words   |  9 Pagesvia personal experiences of each phase, as the yellow brick road, leading up to reflection. Only then, true discoveries of thyself can be uncovered. Leisure, sport, and recreation provide the opportunity for growth of mind and body. Both Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics conceptualize this growth through games and sport. What is meant by â€Å"growth?† What is development in relation to the self? Once sufficiently developed, leisure, sport, recreation become agents for one to experienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic, We Read About The Allegory Of The Cave1644 Words   |  7 PagesBrooke Green 06/23/2015 PHIL-2306-015 In Plato’s Republic, we read about the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave.† The prisoners in the story are relevant to anyone in today’s society who is unable to question anything they see or hear. Those who embrace anything they are told, as the truth, without the use of fact-finding questions, is an example of the relevance in today’s world. Plato’s cave is an allegory of education; it explains how we see things before we are necessarily educated about them and how oneRead MorePlato and Aristotle: An Analysis1175 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussions of Plato and Aristotle regarding the best political association. Quotes from Politics and the Republic are used to support the author’s thesis. Plato and Aristotle: An Analysis Determining the best form of political association was important to the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, and each of them expressed his opinion in important works such as the Republic and Politics. In explaining, comparing, and contrasting the political philosophies of Plato and AristotleRead MoreThe Moral Rationalist : An Analysis Of Self Control879 Words   |  4 Pages PLATO THE MORAL RATIONALIST: AN ANALYSIS OF SELF-CONTROL IN THE REPUBLIC Plato in his Republic thoughtfully examines how an individual’s soul can attain self-control, as well as implications it carries with it —such as its correspondence with the structure of the city, unity in having ‘stronger’ rule, and social reputations — all reasons that become riddled with fallacies as Plato comes to contradict himself such as in the liability of error and social perceptions being just. Plato, through

Organized Crime Government free essay sample

Organized Crime amp; the Political Machine Throughout history there has been a constant struggle, but also a complex web of connection between government and organized crime. Bribery, extortion and embezzlement are among some of the crimes that connect the mafia with important political figures publicly, however the relationship between these two entities seems to go a lot deeper. In fact, according to recent investigation, some elected officials are, themselves, important crime leaders. A prime example of this is Illinois politician and former mayor of Chicago, Richard M. Daley. Daley’s family has great historical significance within the city as his father, Richard J. Daley, was also mayor of Chicago. His brother William M. Daley served under former U. S. president Bill Clinton as U. S. Secretary of Commerce and their older brother John P. Daley is the finance chairman on the Cook County Board of Commissioners. Daley himself was in the Illinois State Senate for eight years. We will write a custom essay sample on Organized Crime Government or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After that he won the election to become Cook County’s State’s attorney where he remained for nine years from 1980-1989, and won the election for mayor of Chicago in 1989 after Harold Washington’s death. The family is known as â€Å"the Daley Machine†, and while the negative social, financial, and economic impact of the machine is well documented, both father and son continued to be re-elected. A scandal in 2005 was Mayor Daley explaining approximately $48 million in overruns for the renovation of a terminal at O’Hare International Airport. Representative Jesse L. Jackson Jr. D) stated, â€Å"You can fool some people for 16 years, the question is if they want to be fooled for 20 years† (Chicago Tribune, 1996). A federal investigation in 2006 of â€Å"pervasive fraud† led to 30 indictments, including two senior administrators closely tied to the mayor, and a dozen cabinet-level resignations which led to an interrogation of Daley himself . If anyone achieves power in Chicago, they have been supported by mayors Richard Joseph Daley and his son. Nothing got done unless their dictates were followed and Richard M. Daley has â€Å"reigned† over the city for about 21 years. Another hotspot for connections between organized crime and the political machine is New York City, a place where the Mob has immeasurable influence. â€Å"The mob has always had some influence in politics, and in the past, they even had their own candidates in one or two key spots,† said Ron Goldstock, head of the state’s Organized Crime Task Force. â€Å"But now we are beginning to see evidence of a pervasive presence. It’s practically open. We’ve even begun to see partnerships in which mobsters and city business officials were in business together. (New York Magazine, 1986) Former mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani said that organized-crime groups have become so bold, that mob-connected companies have begun making direct campaign contributions on the books. â€Å"There was a day when hoods might have slipped money to people under the table,† Giuliani said, â€Å"but we are beginning to find that many of the companies linked to organized crime have openly contributed to political campaigns† (New York Magazine, 1986). Allegations of bribery in the city’s Parking Violations Bureau have revealed at least half a dozen links to the mob. Some examples are: the secret real-estate partnership between former Department of Transportation commissioner Anthony Ameruso and Angelo Ponte, an alleged mobster; the relationship between indicted Bronx county Democratic leader Stanley Friedman and his top advisor Paul Victor, the son of an organized crime member who received a total of $250,000 from Friedman’s campaign committees; and the relationship between City Planning commissioner Theodore Teah and Robert Hopkins, who has been charged with ordering the murder of a mob rival. Following the trail of the complex connections between the mob and their political allies is very tough work because rarely do the top mobsters and top politicians get involved. Mobsters work through their lawyers, union leaders, and businessmen and manage to achieve their political goals using very little or no force. These agreements are made possible by middlemen and aides, people who have forged friendships through childhood, in campaigns, and various business deals. There is nothing improper or unusual about a politically active lawyer having a mobster as a client, so this is an easy way for the criminals to exert their influence. Stanley Friedman, mentioned above, is an associate in a law firm—Roy Cohn’s firm—that is notorious for its defense of organized crime members. Friedman himself has been indicted for bribery and stock fraud after the infamous PVB Scandal. Law enforcement officials have begun to crack down on these illicit connections since municipal scandals caught public attention in the mid to late 1980’s. Although some authorities argue that these efforts have come a little late. Formal federal prosecutor Raymond Dearie argues that â€Å"Today, the hoods are almost indistinguishable from the good guys†¦their businesses have been assimilated. † (New York Times, 1991) All we can do now is have faith in our justice system to seek out these connections with organized crime and wash the political sphere of the corruption that has gained such a great influence.

Levy Tariffs On Imports In USA

The government has various ways of collecting its revenue, domestically; it is collected through government bonds, treasury bills and levied taxes. The government through its revenue collection agency levies taxes and duties on various services and commodities sold.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Levy Tariffs On Imports In USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is either through income taxes where workers both in the government and established private companies and organizations remit taxes which are a stipulated percentage of their earnings. The goods sold with the country also attract duties what is commonly referred to as the Value Added Tax (V.A.T). Companies too are levied taxes on the basis of their nominal share capital. Despite the noble contribution done by these kinds of domestic taxes, they are always in sufficient to support and sustain the government budgetary allocation not unless the g overnment wants to render its citizens incapable of sustaining their livelihoods (Kaplan 120). This leaves the government with no choice but to make levy taxes on the imports for a variety of reasons which look justified or unjustified depending on the purpose it is meant to serve. The benefits accrued by the government levying taxes on goods entering its territory is to protect its territorial integrity where contraband products find their way into the economy thus causing security problems either health wise or proliferation of firearms from unknown sources. There are some developed countries that export products they consider obsolete to be used in the third world countries thus using them as their site for dumping unwanted products (Johnson Lee 110). These wastes especially e-wastes are a danger to our environment and this is why the governments will levy taxes to act as a punitive or penalty to such imports. The self sustaining country is one that has its human resource develo ped and functional; so the levying of taxes on services offered from foreign experts helps the nation build capacity and develop homemade industries.Advertising Looking for research paper on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, despite the benefits of levying taxes, there are also numerous dangerous and disadvantages of levying taxes. The levy of excessive taxes on imports harms the economy because it interferes with the balance of trade where countries shy away from trading with others they feel are exploitive. The country also remains caged as foreign expertise that should otherwise build capacity of locals abscond and go to potentially friendly countries. Countries that rely on import of machinery especially less developed countries suffer in the long run as the levies on agricultural goods cannot give double coincidence. This limits trade. Regional integration is also hampered because of tariff barriers will is a potential recipe for chaos and war. Social Security The United States of America being caring nation, from start after world war II decided to caution its senior citizen from the misery associated with retirement by incepting four major funds which were Federal Old Age and Survival Insurance Trust Fund established in 1940. The second was Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund of 1956 and the last one was the Federal Hospital Insurance Fund and finally the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund, both founded in 1965 (Eckes 720). These funds were started as noble ideas though in the event of time, many emerging issues seem to be regressing the gains intended. This constitutes inflationary trends, world market dynamics, and unemployment rates have doubled over this period. Now the greatest question is whether the federal government should increase the expenditure on the social security funds or not. However, there is no specific answer to this question. This indifference i s brought about by the schools of thought adduced by various stakeholders of the issue.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Levy Tariffs On Imports In USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are those who believe that to mitigate the problem, the special US Treasury bond should consider converting them into cash. This means that future taxes in addition to social security taxes and new federal borrowing will be in cash form. There are those who want pay-as-you-go funding while others support the trust fund investment in assets other than US Treasury bills. Nevertheless, it is the citizens who advance Socialism. Works Cited Eckes, Alfred. Opening America’s Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy since 1776. New York: Journal of Law and Economics, 51 (Nov. 2008), 715–42. Johnson, Walter Lee, Raymond. Public budgeting systems (8th ed). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2008. Kaplan, Edward. American Trade Policy. Washington: Greenwood Press, 1994. This research paper on Levy Tariffs On Imports In USA was written and submitted by user Angelo C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Open Adoption vs. Closed Adoption free essay sample

Many children are adopted each year, and with these children being adopted there are adoptions. There are many forms of adoption used throughout the world, but the biggest forms of adoption are closed adoption and open adoption. Open adoptions are adoptions in which the birthmother, the biological mother of an adoptee, is allowed contact with the adoptee. Closed adoption is an adoption where the birthmother of the adoptee is not present in the child’s life in any way shape or form. The birth family is completely cut off and cannot give or receive any information regarding their welfare or the adoptee’s. Closed adoptions are a better option than open adoption and should be mandatory because it would prevent confusion the child may face, allow children to actually fit into their adoptive family, provide privacy and closure and protect families from unstable birthparents. Having multiple sets of parents creates confusion in a family, and mostly for the child. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Adoption vs. Closed Adoption or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Adoption was created out of the recognition that children need to feel secure about who their parents are and what their parent’s role is† (Harnack 84). This is what’s best for the child in most if not all adoptions. The child needs to know who exactly is their parent, not a birthparent but the adoptive parent. Adoptive parents are permanent and a child may not grasp that idea with a tentative parent; the birth parent. When a child does not know who their parent is, it creates trouble. The child may even seek out trouble. Children are developing and such an unstable family creates really harsh developmental issues within the adoptee. All children need to know who their parents are and be able to trust that their parents are not going to leave them. Having a birth parent around makes things difficult for everyone, but most importantly the adoptee. The adoptee may have a reduced ability to assimilate into family-Interaction with the birth family may make it harder for the child to assimilate into the adoptive family† (â€Å"Open Adoption: Disadvantages†). This is one of many examples of how adoptive families are not as whole and full as they could potentially be because of problems wit h the birth parent. The feeling of rejection from a birthmother can seriously impact the intellectual growth and development of an adoptee. A recent interview of an adoptee provided more evidence and demonstrated how the privacy provided with a closed adoption would give the adoptive parents more closure. The fourteen year old adoptee learned about her closed adoption ten years ago when she was four, her parents wanted to wait to tell her until she was eighteen but the adoptee found out through another family member. So then the adoption became open allowing the adoptee contact with her birth mother. â€Å"Now,† said the adoptee â€Å"I speak with my birthmother more than I do my mom† (Anonymous). Her birthmother being a big part of her life, the adoptee is losing her relationship with her adoptive parents. Her adoptive parents feel that if the birthmother wasn’t so intrusive in their lives that they would have a better relationship with their daughter. This is why the closure and privacy involved in a closed adoption is so critical. Although there are so many benefits in a closed adoption some people still argue that open adoption is not completely the worst option in some cases. Among those arguing are adoptees who develop clinical illnesses in their lifetime. One thing a doctor may ask when a patient is diagnosed with a disease is for medical history. An adoptee in a closed adoption does not have access to their medical history, that information is sealed at a court house as with the contact information of the birthfamily. In some cases the birth family is contacted and refuses to give up the vital information that would be beneficial in the treatment of a patient. â€Å"When an adoptee is denied medical information†¦ he may feel like and adult who has no rights whatsoever† (Eldridge 269). An open adoption would ensure a medical history and prevent the scandal of being without, but this positive factor of open adoption does not outweigh the benefits of the closed adoption. One of those benefits includes escaping the risk of â€Å"an unstable birthparent [who] could cause problems† (Adamec). Many times adoptions occur because the birthparent is unsuited to raise the child. This includes birthparents who abuse drugs, are unemployed or even felonious. Unstable birthparents provide bad examples for adoptees and much of the time influence adoptees. Children have very malleable minds; this is why it is so easy for children to learn. They pick up traits and learn bad habits through the time they spend with their birthparents. There have also been worse cases, for example there are cases where birthparents kidnap the adoptee. The adoptive parents and the adoptee should never have to face the stress or trauma an unstable birth parent would cause. Open adoption has become conventional, almost a standard for adoptions. Closed adoptions are almost unheard of in this day and age. One would think with all the benefits of a closed adoption it would be the standard, but such is not the case. Closed adoptions are a better option because it helps adoptees to actually fit into their adoptive family, helps prevent confusion in an adoptee, provides privacy and closure, and protect the adoptive families from unstable birthfamilies. Work Cited Adamec, Christine. Open or Closed Adoption? Family Education. Pearson Education, Inc. , 2004. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. lt;http://life. familyeducation. com/adoption/birth-parents/45775. htmlgt;. Anonymous. Personal interview. 22 February 2013. Eldridge, Sherrie. Twenty Things Adopted Kids Wish Their Adoptive Parents Knew. New York: Dell Publishing, 1999. Print. Harnack, Andrew. Adoption Opposing Viewpoints. Miami: San Val Incorporated, 1995. Print. Open Adoption: Disadvantages. American Pregnancy Association. N. p. , Oct. 2008. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. lt;http://americanpregnancy. orggt;.

capitalsit world system essays

capitalsit world system essays For the past six hundred years a culture and a society, dedicated for the most part to development and trade as the ultimate source of well being, began to expand all over the world. In a great number of ways this development, capitalism, became the most successful culture and society Capitalism ascended as a successful social means. It was successful as it provided a more effective means of creating a surplus. This was an important feature for mankind. It proved to be an easier and more cost effective means of creating a surplus. Capitalism also allowed for the world system to function with their own states. This system of functioning encouraged the international market economy, which in turn established the success of capitalism. Such a market bestowed incentives which increased productivity all over the globe. Simultaneously a world separation of work made it easy for costs and benefits to be unequally The effects of such a division of labour were profound. It created a multilayered economic hierarchy. The hierarchies were divided into many sections, with each sector owning its own defining feature, and all were linked to one common feature. This was the exploitation of social classes. The wealthy employed labourers and often underpaid their labourers so that they might be able to reap maximum profits. Such racist inequalities and exploitation were used to justify the hindered commission of the proletariat. The world system continues to undergo a cycle of expansion. This trend has gained the support it requires from the notion that all societies, in order to be successful, need to conform to Capitalism continues to be increasingly effective. This is largely due to the belief the workers hold that the harder they work the more the stand to gain. Such workers also affirm ...

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Ethics - Essay Example This may be problematic for the healthcare personnel to diagnose the actual disease a patient will be suffering from, and it may be difficult to apply proper medication to the patient. This is dangerous since it can be harmful to the patient in the long run. However, there are certain instances where breach of confidentiality can be viewed in a positive light. If a patient, particularly an adolescent, is diagnosed with a disease that can be harmful to him or her, then there is a need for breach of confidentiality if it is necessary for the parents to know the case. If the disease is also a threat to the community at large, then it may be imperative for the healthcare practitioner to breach confidentiality. In this particular case, Hathaway believes that harm will come to Andrea who has been diagnosed with cervical cancer unless the parents are informed of the diagnosis of the disease. The problem is that the patient is minor, hence she may not follow proper channels of having the dis ease cured unless her parents are informed. It is also difficult in different healthcare systems in the US for a minor to be treated with such disease without parental consent. Therefore, for the benefit of the minor in this case, it will be ideal to breach confidentiality. 2. ... The case of cervical cancer can pose a threat to public health if it is not controlled. Therefore, measures should be taken in order to ensure that public health is not negatively affected, hence the reason to breach the principle of confidentiality. The virtue theory, on the other hand, talks about what a good person will do in certain circumstances in life (1). In this case, a good person will take measures that are meant to protect the patient as well as the community at large. Any action that is beneficial to the community and the patient is appropriate though it may entail that confidentiality will be breached. These two ethical theories give the healthcare practitioner a leeway to make positive decisions though they may be in breach of confidentiality. 3. In order to address the dilemma presented in this particular case study, there are different stages that can be taken. First and foremost, it is imperative to diagnose the situation and identify all the problems associated wit h the scenario. It is important to gather as much information as possible about this particular problem so as to be in a better position to gain an insight into it. Having identified the problem, it becomes important to try to come up with as many solutions as possible to the problem identified. Once the probable solutions have been identified, the healthcare professional involved can then take the opportunity to select the best possible solutions that are likely to yield the best results from taking that particular course of action. When the best solution has been found, then it can be implemented in order to address the situation. However, implementing the decision is not an end in itself but part of an ongoing process. For instance, it will be important to

Communication Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication Theories - Essay Example â€Å"Our approach focuses on differences of the perception of science by journalism, which affects organizational matters, that means that we distinguish programmes with regard to their relatedness to science and their up-to-dateness.† (Institute for Media and Communication Studies) The other approach is also important to consider, other approach is the science centered approach. The process of communication is not as easy as it seems to be, it is an intricate process. It is important to understand the structures of different media systems, these systems also help in understanding the process of communication. To conclude it is fair to say that the approach which best suits the students should be chosen, there is hardly any point choosing an approach which would not be liked by the students, it will fail to facilitate the process of learning. It will also affect the morale of the students which will be anything but

North American civilizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

North American civilizations - Assignment Example Mississippi culture was actually a mound-building culture of Native Americans and it originated and flourished in the areas presently known as mid-western, eastern and southeastern United States around 800 CE to 1500 CE. The life at Mississippi began to flourish in the river valleys of Mississippi and Tennessee. Mississippian started rich food exchange thereby introducing the barter system which started impacting a lot in their society through networking and it is through the process of food exchange that they introduced in their culture, they flourished and made contacts with other cultures and provinces too. Maize-based agriculture was also an important attribute of the period and it supported a large population and craft specialization. The earthwork of the Mississippian culture was significant consisting of pyramid mounds or platform mounds and were generally square, rectangular and sometimes circular in shape. Domestic houses, temples or burial buildings were constructed on those mounds. Trade was widespread during this period and extended to far west to the Rockies, in north till the Great Lakes and to the Gulf of Mexico in the South and to the Atlantic Ocean in the East. The leadership of the Mississippian culture was great and influential. Within the culture, the leadership was hierarchy based and where one major centre with Mounds gives clear indication of control and influence over other lesser communities, it also clearly portrays a clear centralization of controlled combination of political or religious power in the hands of single Supreme or few others (US National Park Service, â€Å"The Mississippian and Late Prehistoric

VOIP Technology to Make Voice Calls

VOIP Technology to Make Voice Calls Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Science Computer Networks Program Course Number CN8814 Course Title Network Mathematics and Simulations Semester/Year Summer 2015 Instructor Dr. Alagan Anpalagan Lab Assignment No Lab 2 Assignment Title QoS for VOIP Submission Date June 21,2015 Due Date June 21,2015 Student Name(s) Ishtiaq Ahmed Mohammad Shariful Ikram Student ID(s) 500666959 500543793 Signature(s) [emailprotected] [emailprotected] Table of Contents (Jump to) Objective Introduction Lab topology: Question 1: Question 2: Question 3: Question 4: Question 5: Question 6: Question 7: Conclusion   Objective In this lab, we have used VOIP technology to make voice calls. We have analyzed by implementing WFQ,CBWFQ and LLQ queuing techniques for improving the call quality. Introduction Quality of Service or QOS is used to increase the performance of voice application. End user can get voice call performance based on the QOS. It is a very critical implementation for voice over IP or VOIP based calls.QOS deals with reducing the delay and drop of packets compare with low priority traffic. If the delays are long, voice quality will be noisy and conversation will be very bad.QOS make sure the standard voice services by using existing resources. With this lab we have learned fragmentation with frame relay, traffic shaping techniques for improving the voice quality. In the first part of this lab, we will make voice call with FRF12 and analyze the voice quality. Then we will implement WFQ,CBWFQ and LLQ queuing techniques and will recognize suitable techniques for voice. In our network topology, router 7 is working as frame-relay switching. Router 1 and Router2 are connected with two telephones. Lab topology: Figure 1 Lab 2 topology We have configured VOIP peer between router 1 and router 2 with our lab instruction. 1. Configure voice over IP over Frame-Relay (FRF.12) and appropriate dial peers at Router 1 and Router 2 with the following information: Committed burst size (Bc) = 12000 bits Committed bit rate (CIR) = 64 kbps Frame relay fragment = 1500 bytes Voice codec: G.729 In this lab, we have used below information between router 1 and router 2: Following table shows initial configuration between router 1 and router 2: 2. Test your configuration by making a call between the two phones. Note the voice quality. With making a call between these phones, we have found voice quality is good. 3. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note that the voice quality deteriorates. To increase the traffic flow, we have changed the packets size 3000 byte by using extended ping command. After that we make call between our phones and gets distort voice because of delay and jitter. 4. Configure the frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping at the serial interfaces to improve the voice quality (the fragment delay is required to be less than 10 ms). To improve the voice quality, we have configured frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping between router 1 and router 2 serial interfaces: Question 1: How do you choose appropriate fragment size and committed burst size (Bc) to implement the frame-relay fragmentation and traffic shaping? Why the voice quality is improved after the configuration? In our lab requirements, fragment delay is less than 10 ms. So we have calculated the fragment size based on the following formula: Fragment size (Maximum): †¢ Fragment_size = (0.01 sec) * CIR = (0.01 sec) * 64 kbps = 80 bytes Parameters of Traffic Shapping: †¢ Burst size (Committed): Bc = 0.01 seconds * CIR = 640 bits After these configuration, we have made voice calls and have get better voice quality. Voice quality have improved because of smaller fragmentation. Question 2: Explain why FIFO queuing should not be used if fragmentation is configured. Fragmentation helps to break large data traffic into smaller data traffic. For this voice traffic gets priority and have served faster. In the FIFO technology, if any large data entered into the queue then in that time if any voice traffic comes, then it needs to be wait until large data traffic finishes. There is no way to prioritize the voice traffic in FIFO techniques. 5. Set IP precedence of the voice traffic to 5. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note the voice quality. In the type of service or TOS byte of Header, we have set IP precedence. IP precedence can identify class of services. Out of seven bits, left three digits are use in IP precedence. These values can be from zero to seven. Here larger number means higher priority. We have set IP precedence 5 and we make ping traffic with 3000 bytes in the PVC1.We have get voice quality good than the previous quality. Following table shows the configuration between router 1 and router 2: 6. Configure a RTP priority queue for voice traffic. Generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size across PVC1. Make a voice call. Note the voice quality Following table shows the configuration between router 1 and router 2: We have generated two ping traffic between router 1 and router 2 with 3000 bytes packet size. After that we have test voice calls between our phones. We have get voice quality is good than previous. It has happened because 27 kbps bandwidth is reserve for voice packets and voice packets has no need to wait in the queue. Question 3: Determine the minimum bandwidth required for the RTP priority queue configuration. We have configured voice traffic with RTP priority queue. Our size of voice packet is 66 bytes. So the minimum requirement of bandwidth is 8*66/0.02 or 26,400 bps or 26.4 kbps. We have used G729 codec and voice payload size is 20 bytes. We set our lab bandwidth is 27 kbps. Question 4: Compare the voice qualities at Steps 4, 5, and 6, and explain the causes of quality differences. To compare voice qualities between steps 4,5, and 6, we have found voice quality is worst in step 4.It has happened for voice call and ping is ready at a time, all packets are transfer in the same queue. So lots of packet are drop because of more queuing delay. Voice traffic has high priority when we use IP precedence 5 in step 5.Our voice and data traffic still use the same bandwidth. Data traffic still transfer even voice traffic arrives. So ping traffic transfers and voice traffic waits. For this, voice quality is not good because there is no bandwidth reservation for voice traffic. In step 6,we have configured 27 kbps bandwidth in RTP priority queuing. This bandwidth is reserve for voice traffic. So voice packets always use this defined bandwidth and voice traffic has priority than ping traffic. So in this case, voice quality is better. 7. Configure three classes: VoIP, VoIP signaling, and default. Reserve bandwidth 25 kbps for VoIP class, and 8 kbps for VoIP signaling class, respectively. Do not assign priority queue to any class. Three different classes has been created in this case. They are assign with fix bandwidth. We have used access-lists for voice traffic classification. Following table shows configuration between router 1 and router 2. Question 5: Explain the differences and similarities between CBWFQ and WFQ. CBWFQ can utilize bandwidth effectively compare to WFQ. It is actually the extended version of WFQ. During the congestion period, CBWFQ can guarantee the minimum bandwidth. It will switch when it gets more bandwidth again. In the CBWFQ, we can define different classes and each different classes we can assign separate bandwidth. The differences and similarities between WFQ and CBWFQ are as follows: Similarities CBWFQ has default traffic class but if we do not define this class then CBWFQ and WFQ has no difference in queuing techniques. Differences Based on the user define classes ,CBWFQ can traffic queuing but WFQ cannot queue traffic. For the traffic flow, CBWFQ can make sure specific bandwidth for it but WFQ can not guarantee that. Network administrator can use CBWFQ more flexibly. They utilize this CBWFQ with different priorities for different types of traffic. Question 6: Based on the above configuration, what are the maximum and minimum bandwidths that are available for the default class? The maximum bandwidth that are available for the default class was 64 kbits/s Default class is use all available bandwidth like bandwidth = CIR = 64 kbit/s if there are no voice traffic Because if there is no voice or voice signaling traffic then the default class is use all available bandwidth (bandwidth = CIR = 64 kbit/s). The minimum bandwidth that are available for the default class is 31 kbit/s But if for voice or voice signaling flow, the reserving bandwidth will be 25 kbits/s and 8 kbit/s respectively. Other will be available for default class. So, minimum bandwidth available for default class is: 64kbps (25kbps + 8kbps) = 31 kbit/s We have generated two ping traffic through PVC1 and at the same time we do voice call. Our packet size is 3000 bytes. We have found same voice quality like step 6. 8. Establish a voice call between the two phones. At the same time, generate two ping traffic flows with 3000-byte packet size between the two routers. Note the voice quality. We have generated voice calls in our phones. At the same time between router 1 and router 2 we have generated 3000 byte ping traffic. We have found the acceptable voice quality. For voice traffic we have assign different class but there is no priority assign for this class. So, in the receiver end, both data and voice packets are receive similar way. So voice is not be clear because of delay introduce. 9. Configure a priority queue for VoIP class using LLQ. We have configured priority queue with LLQ. Following table shows the configuration: 10. Make a voice call between the two phones. Note the voice quality. After the configuration, we have make phone call with 3000 byte ping traffic in the same time. We found the improved voice quality. Question 7: Explain why the voice quality is improved after the priority configuration. Voice quality has improved for priority configuration. Previously we do not assign priority for different define classes of voice and voice signaling. So, voice quality is improved because of priority assigned. So for any ping traffic comes first it is served first. With the priority queue configuration, it has been resolved. So for any voice traffic arrival, it is use priority queue with allocated bandwidth. Conclusion In this lab, we have configured two routers and make phone call. We have observed the different call quality. Call quality depends on traffic flow. Traffic flows depends on different parameters like delay, jitter, loss of packets, etc. These hampers the quality of services. We have implemented three queuing discipline here like WFQ,CBWFQ,CBWFQ with LLQ. The objective of this lab is to analyze and improve the quality of voice service. We have found, the best voice quality when we have implemented different class for voice traffic and assign high priority value for voice traffic. Page | 1

I declare that I have wholly undertaken the study reported herein under supervision Essay

The Lord has been faithful in granting me the strength, wisdom, knowledge and the courage needed throughout the period of study. My sincerest appreciation goes to my supervisor, MR. MICHAEL NKONYAA for his guidance and constructive criticism through the preparation of the work. He is largely responsible for the success of this work and I am very much grateful. To my husband Solomon Kweku, to my colleagues in MBA Finance 2012/2013 in whose company I stayed and formed my thoughts I say God richly bless you for the fellowship and love we shared. To the Staff and Management of Growth Capital Microfinance, wish to express my sincere gratitude to you for your support and co-operation. Finally, I wish to thank all authors of various research works and articles I made use of in writing of this work, indeed, your research works and articles have served as major sources of literature and knowledge. ABSTRACT This study examined effects of microfinance on small and medium enterprises in the Accra Metropolis, in the Greater Accra Region. .The population of the study comprised clients and staff of Micro finance Institutions (MIF). A sample of 60 clients and eight staff was used for data collection. Two interview guides were used separately to collect data from staff and clients. The return rate of data collection was 8(100%) for staff and 55(91.7%) for clients. Data collected was analysed manually and electronically. The statistical product and service solution (SPSS) was used for the electronic analysis in which descriptive statistical tools were used for data presentation and discussion. Results of the study indicated that microfinance s impacted positively on the social and economic lives of SMEs operators. The research also indicates that MFIs have had a positive effect on the growth of SMEs. Some of the critical contributions of MFIs include; greater access to credit, savings enhancement and provision of business, financial and managerial training. Irrespective of the contributions of MFIs to SMEs, there are challenges that affect their operations of both SMEs and MFIs. The major challenge faced by SMEs is the cumbersome process associated with accessing credit of which collateral security and high interest rate are major setback. The MFIs on the other hand, face some challenges relating to credit misappropriation and non-disclosure of the relevant facts of their businesses. In the final analysis, the research clearly reveals that MFIs have a positive effect on the growth SMEs. In other to enhance a sustained and accelerated growth in the operations of SMEs credits should be client-oriented and not product- oriented. Recommendations were made to MFIs, Specifically, MFI was asked to put in measures that could help reduce interest rates, train operators of SMEs on proper business practices Proper, extensive monitoring activities should be provided for clients who are granted loans and SMEs were asked to adopt effective bookkeeping modalities.

Electronic Gadgets Essay

Every time you turn around, your children are requesting the newest version of a technological gadget. While one child madly texts friends in the back seat of the car, the other is scanning Facebook, admiring his 378 friends. You may simmer with frustration that their grades aren’t up to par, considering whether or not you should take their phones and/or computers away for a while. But then you remember the money you’ve spent on eBooks and learning games and you wonder, â€Å"Are electronic gadgets the problem or the solution?† The answer is, â€Å"Yes† and â€Å"Yes†. Therein lies the conundrum. As with most things in life, the true answer lies somewhere in the middle. see more:modern gadgets essay The Pros Research shows that eReaders, such as Amazon Kindle products, not only increase children’s interest in reading, but also promote their reading comprehension. In a survey of 1200 eReader owners, Amazon reported that the owners’ purchases of non-eBooks increased by 3.3 times. It appears that reading begets more reading – and with kids, that is a wonderful thing. Current education trends recognize that not everyone can read text and immediately comprehend the meaning. eReaders offer multi-media applications such as instant dictionaries, pictures, or graphics that help to illustrate examples. There are eGames that help reinforce what a student has just read. Math and vocabulary games have been proven to increase students’ interest in the classroom, as well as raising their test scores. But as Newton’s Laws of Motion illustrate; for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The Cons In the electronic gadget arena, the negatives can be an individual’s own lack of discipline. As you sit at your computer working on a project, how often do you notice you have a new email and instantly check it? You might even type out a quick response and then get back to work. Or perhaps you think about the event you are attending at the end of the month and quickly search a few online stores to see if you can find a gift for the host. Now picture that same scenario, but imagine you are your child. He or she is working on a homework assignment that requires analytic thought, but every fifteen seconds there’s another ding or beep indicating a text has come in, Facebook has been updated, and so on. It is impossible for a child’s mind to remain engaged on the task at hand if he/she is continuously interrupted by outside distractions. Even the most disciplined of children feel the strong pull of peer pressure, and saying, â€Å"I don’t respond to texts while doing homework,† is an unlikely response to friends’ queries. You Are The Solution Electronic gadgets can be tremendous learning tools. They’re able to reach a myriad of learning styles and create a forum where children can connect with the learning style that engages them in the learning process. They make people want to read more. But, they can also be the reason that your child didn’t spend adequate time studying for tomorrow’s math quiz. You can become a part of the solution by setting an example that work time is gadget free time. Unless your child is using his/her new Kindle Fire to read a book, or play a learning game under your supervision, homework time can be gadget free time. That goes for you too. Perhaps evenings at home can be gadget free while homework is completed and dinner is shared. With a little honest conversation with your children, and some reasonable boundary setting, your children’s gadgets can be both the perfect tool and the perfect toy. What are your thoughts? If you think (like we do) that gadgets and education can co-exist in perfect harmony, then let us know in the comments section. And to find out how we are using technology in our tutoring sessions, give us a call!

Free French Mobile Applications

Free French Mobile Applications If youre looking for free French apps, youre in luck: there is a wide variety, from dictionaries to learning programs. Heres a list of mobile applications related to French.2Lingua KidsLearn basic French in this app written by and for middle-school students.Classics2GoA small collection of French books.Free French TutorInteractive study tools.FrenchRadioFind French radio while youre on the go.French StartSmall app to begin learning French vocabulary.French Verbs 650Learn French verbs and their English translations.French Word of the Day (Declan Software)A new word every day, with sound file.French Word of the Day (Prometoys Limited)Daily word with translation and sample sentence.French WordPowerDaily word with pronunciation and translation, plus quiz and option to save words.Learn French - French AppsFour apps for learning a bit of French: alphabet, numbers, gender, and phonemes.Learn French by LoquellaLearn and practice French grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation with lessons base d on the Foreign Service Institutes method and materials. Learn French QuickFrench flashcard program.Learn French with BusuuTwenty lessons with option to purchase more.Littrà © French dictionaryDictionary of French from the 17th-19th centuries.Living Language - French for iPadEleven free French lessons, with the option to purchase 35 more.RATPOfficial app to help you make sense of Pariss mà ©tro and bus.SpeakEasy French LiteThe free version includes 169 French travel phrases.If you dont have a mobile device, you might be interested in similar online and offline resources:     French verb conjugator  Ã‚  Ã‚  French vocabulary lessons and lists  Ã‚  Ã‚  French word of the day

Ethnicicty and minority relations essays

Ethnicicty and minority relations essays What do we mean by the social construction of identity? Any attempt to compare the suffering of the blacks and Jews would seem likely to be felled by the waves of invidious comparisons. That is because any such comparison is likely to be seen, however obliquely, as an endeavour to answer the question: which group has suffered more- blacks or Jews? Indicatively, this question could be perceived to address the point of not who suffered more, but why did they suffer? This can be answered in relation to the social construction of identity. The Jews and Blacks identities were socially identified and regarded by others as not belonging to the majority group during that historical period. So what do we mean when we talk about the social construction of identity? The concept of identity has always been blurred but in recent years, the study of identity has been greatly enhanced by cross-cultural studies in history, sociology, anthropology and psychology. The key point of departure for much discussion is the real world observation that nationalist, regional, racial and ethnic mobilisations are occurring globally and pervasively (Cohen, 1994). However, at the same time, within national, racial or regional units of identification, there are other kinds of groupings that are organised often on the social axes of age, gender, class, religion, race or disability that form their own identity. These too are claiming rights or advantages in the name of their particular social affiliation. Before we can begin to understand the social constructions of identity we need to analyse how and why these identities come to be assimilated in our society? Although identity construction may occur in any part of a society through social change and circumstance and of human interpretation and action, it must be noted that social construction occurs contingently upon the situation in which the ...

Adam Smith and Karl Marx Economic Theories Essay

Adam Smith and Karl Marx Economic Theories - Essay Example Most of the theories in economics today are based on the ideas of Smith as well as Marx and Keynes. These individuals have different ideas on how the economy works and the best economic system that would ensure the good of all people in the society. They also differ on the role the government is supposed to take to drive the economy to prosperity. All these differences are prompted by the views held by different theorists regarding human nature and this will be the subject of our discussion in the next section but emphasis on the role of human nature in economic theories of Smith and Marx. Adam Smith (1723-1790) As stated earlier, Smith is regarded as the father of modern economics and capitalism. According to him, human beings are social and as such they have a tendency to care for each other. They are also driven by self-interest but this does not deter them from empathizing with and help each other (Skousen, 11). This is the basis of his economic theory written in his book An inqu iry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations or what is commonly referred as Wealth of Nations in 1776 (Das Kapital). This brought about industrial revolution and emergence of capitalism as the dominant mode of production (Hall). The capitalist economy is based on the mechanism of free markets whereby Smith believed that individuals driven by self-interest and not infringing on the rights of others can in the process benefit the whole society (Hall). The market is driven by the ‘invisible hand’ whereby producers produce goods and services and take to market where they meet buyers who are in need of such goods for consumption. In this case, the buyer and seller only meet when exchanging products and do not negotiate on the quantity to be produced or bought (Skousen, 10). Individuals are assumed to self-regulate themselves in this economy and as such there is no need for government intervention unless to provide public goods such as infrastructure and make sure people adhere to contracts. There is thus free movement of labour, capital and goods (11). Smith’s economic theory is also based on economic independence. Natural liberty according to smith is a fundamental human right thus individuals are given freedom to do what they want (Hall). They produce what they want, at a price they want but the principle of justice must be withheld, that is, there is freedom of production and exchange. As such, all the actors in the economy (workers, landlords and capitalists) work in harmony; there is no conflict of interest (Skousen, 27). In such case, Smith assumes that human beings are honest, just according to societal rules. They can therefore, pursues self-interest without offending or ignoring the needs of others but for the benefit of all. Smith did not envision greed and egotism in human nature. Furthermore, capitalists have to consider the interests of consumers if they want to make profit. Human beings are competitive in nature. This a ccording to Smith was not a negative thing but affected the economy positively, that is, is led to economic growth (Hall). Man should therefore â€Å"bring his industriousness and capital into competition with those of others to create harmony† (Skousen, 27). Competition leads to determination of prices in the market thus the market is always in the equilibrium. The producer is able to get profit for his produce and the consumer benefits from low prices as well as improved quality (to lower prices, manufacturers improve technology thus produce quality goods at low cost). As such economic prosperity is achieved through economic independence. Karl Marx (1818-1883) Smith and Marx had very different views regarding human nature and as such

Constitutional conventions should be put on a legal footing. However, Essay

Constitutional conventions should be put on a legal footing. However, there is no clear agreement as to what amounts to a convention. DISCUSS - Essay Example 1917). It could be described also as â€Å"an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state† which (Wikipedia, 2007) Hoar (1917) in discussing a constitutional convention as a means of changing or amending written constitutions, told of its being an American origin. He noted the fact written constitutions themselves originated in the US. The idea of a constitution convention is given importance in the light of it purpose, that is making or changing the constitution. Characterizing that the idea of a constitution is â€Å"to signify something superior to legislative enactments† or â€Å"a body of fundamental principles of government which are beyond the control of the Legislature.† Hoar (1917) described a constitution as â€Å"a social compact, by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by certain laws for the common good.†(Mass. Const., Preamble.) He explained it is â€Å"the Anglo-Saxon theory that government is in some way based upon a contract between the people and the State† (Hoar, R. 19 17). In applying the principle of constitutionalism of the US, Hoar (1917) noted that however, Americans both the terms of the â€Å"unwritten British constitution† and by the â€Å"charters or other written instruments whereby Great Britain directed their government† which he described to be â€Å"suspended the moment the colonies declared their independence,† as â€Å"the colonies reverted to a state of nature† (Ch. II  §8 pp. 26-28) (Hoar, R. 1917, Chap 1) It is an accepted principle in democracy that power belongs to the people. When we say people we are referring to those who can actually vote on issues or elect their leaders. This right of the people to â€Å"have the right to change their form of government at will, using whatever method suits them (Ch. II  §2, p. 12)† In describing the nature of the right of the people, Hoar (1917) said

Ethical Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Case Study - Essay Example Although the act of Paige seems neutral since the negative consequences seem to be balanced out by the positive ones, yet analysis of the two positive and the two negative outcomes suggests that the two don’t weigh equal. The positive outcomes benefited only two people i.e. Liz and Paige whereas the negative outcomes affected a lot of people i.e. the hotel as a whole and also, the woman and her child. In addition to that, although the grant of $50 note to Paige seems to be a positive outcome for her, yet that is bribery and has negative impact not only upon the whole society but also for Paige who would be held accountable for her act in this world or/and in the world hereafter. Agreed that Liz had remained a hardworking and loyal member of the staff and deserved special treatment, but not if that had to come on the cost of others’ peace. Therefore, the negative consequences of Paige’s act outweigh the positive ones, so Paige’s action was wrong. According to the third course of action, Paige could have granted Liz access to the room, but with the condition that she would clear the room within a maximum of ten minutes as soon as the expected customer arrives. Doing this, Paige would have respected the hotel’s rules, satisfied Liz as well as the customer. So according to the utilitarian theory, Paige should have granted Liz with conditional access to the room. The theory of ethical hierarcicalism suggests that â€Å"[a]n actual person is more valuable than a potential person† (jan.ucc.nau.edu, n.d.). In light of this principle, at the time when Paige was conversing with Liz, Liz was the actual person because she was there and the woman and her child were... This essay discusses that although the act of Paige seems neutral since the negative consequences seem to be balanced out by the positive ones, yet analysis of the two positives and the two negative outcomes suggests that the two don’t weigh equal. The positive outcomes benefited only two people i.e. Liz and Paige whereas the negative outcomes affected a lot of people i.e. the hotel as a whole and also, the woman and her child.  This essay discusses that although the act of Paige seems neutral since the negative consequences seem to be balanced out by the positive ones, yet analysis of the two positives and the two negative outcomes suggests that the two don’t weigh equal. The positive outcomes benefited only two people i.e. Liz and Paige whereas the negative outcomes affected a lot of people i.e. the hotel as a whole and also, the woman and her child.  According to the third course of action, Paige could have granted Liz access to the room, but with the condition t hat she would clear the room within a maximum of ten minutes as soon as the expected customer arrives. Doing this, Paige would have respected the hotel’s rules, satisfied Liz as well as the customer. Paige should have granted Liz with conditional access to the room.   The theory of ethical hierarchicalism suggests that â€Å"an actual person is more valuable than a potential person† (jan.ucc.nau.edu, n.d.). In light of this principle, at the time when Paige was conversing with Liz, Liz was the actual person because she was there and the woman and her child were potential people as they were expected but not there. Therefore, Paige’s act of granting Liz access to the room was ethically justified. But another principle of the ethical hierarchicalism suggests that â€Å"A complete person is more valuable than an incomplete person† (jan.ucc.nau.edu, n.d.).   Concluding, the course of action that is deemed justifiable by both theories of ethics is for Paig e to grant Liz with conditional access to the room.  

Electric Scooter Market in China- Market Competition & Opportunities Essay Example for Free

Electric Scooter Market in China- Market Competition Opportunities Essay Research and Forecast of China Electric Scooter Industry, 2014-2018 mainly conducts in-depth market research on Electric Scooter market in the following aspects: market scale, supply and demand, market competition and business performance of major enterprises, meanwhile it makes a prediction about electric scooter industry and provides decision-making references for investors. In 2013, the demand volume of electric scooters in China reached 1. 05 million units, an increase of 31. 25% year-on-year. In current electric scooter market, the products mainly serve for the elderly, the disabled and home women; with the deepened population aging degree and the increased consumption level, the demand for electric scooter is also growing increasingly. Complete Report @ http://www. marketreportschina. com/research-and-forecast-of-china-electric-scooter-industry-2014-2018 . Inquire Before Buying @ http://www. marketreportschina. com/contacts/inquire-before-buy? rname=4357 . Table Of Contents 1. Overview of Chinas Electric Scooter Products 1. 1 Product Brief Introduction 1. 1. 1 Brief Introduction 1. 1. 2 Composition 1. 1. 3 Advantages 1. 2 Classification 2. Electric Scooter Situation in Foreign Countries and Taiwan 2. 1 Foreign Countries 2. 2 Taiwan 3. Environment of Chinas Electric Scooter Industry 3. 1 Economic Environment 3. 2 Industry Relevant Policies, Standards, Laws and Regulations 4. Characteristics of Electric Scooter Industry 4. 1 Concentration Ratio 4. 2 SWOT 4. 3 Industry Chain 4. 4 Competitive Landscape 5. Supply and Demand in Chinas Electric Scooter Market 5. 1 Supply Situation 5. 1. 1 Supply Situation 5. 1. 2 Main Brands 5. 2 Demand Situation 5. 3 Demand Factors 5. 4 Price Situation 5. 4. 1 Price 5. 4. 2 Factors Affecting the Price 5. 4. 3 Price Trend 6. Overview of Chinas Low Speed Electric Vehicle 6. 1 Brief Introduction 6. 1. 1 Product Introduction 6. 1. 2 Main Products and the Introduction 6. 2 Development Situation in China 6. 3 Overview of Chinas Main Manufacturers 6. 4 Market Situation of Four-wheel Low Speed Electric Vehicle Market and the Forecast 6. 4. 1 Current Application Situation. 6. 4. 2 Domestic Market 6. 4. 3 International Market 7. Import and Export of Chinas Electric Scooters 7. 1 Import and Export 7. 2 Sources of Import and Destinations of Export 8. Technological Development of Electric Scooter Products 8. 1 Technological Development Situation 8. 1. 1 Relevant Domestic Patents 8. 1. 2 Research Situation 8. 2 Technological Development Direction 8. 2. 1 Technological Maturity in China and Technological Difference between China and Foreign Countries 8. 2. 2 Technological Development Direction 9. Main Enterprises and Competitive Landscape in Chinas Electric Scooter Industry 9. 1 Feishen Group Co. , Ltd. 9. 1. 1 Company Profile 9. 1. 2 Company Strength 9. 1. 3 Independent RD Situation 9. 1. 4 Business Performance 9. 2 Jinhua ACEME Electric Co. , Ltd. 9. 2. 1 Company Profile 9. 2. 2 Company Strength 9. 2. 3 Development Trend 9. 2. 4 Business Performance 9. 3 Zhejiang Ripu Electronic Science and Technology Co. , Ltd. 9. 3. 1 Company Profile 9. 3. 2 Company Strength 9. 3. 3 Business Performance 9. 4 Wisking Electromechanical Product Co. , Ltd. 9. 4. 1 Company Profile 9. 4. 2 Company Strength 9. 4. 3 Business Performance 9. 5 Xuzhou Maston Mobility Co. , Ltd. 9. 5. 1 Company Profile 9. 5. 2 Company Strength 9. 5. 3 Business Performance 9. 5. 4 Development Strategy 10. Development Forecast and Investment Prospect of Chinas Electric Scooter Industry 10. 1 Forecast of Supply, 2014-2018 10. 2 Forecast of Demand, 2014-2018 10. 3 Main Development Direction 11. Investment Suggestions and Opinions from the Experts 11. 1 Investment Opportunity 11. 1. 1 Market Space 11. 1. 2 Industry Development Trend. 11. 2 Investment Risk 11. 2. 1 Horizontal Competition Risk 11. 2. 2 Market Trade Risk 11. 2. 3 Influence of Industry Policy Changes 11. 3 Risk Precautionary Measure and Industry Coping Strategy 11. 3. 1 Precautionary Measure for Horizontal Competition Risk 11. 3. 2 Actively Develop Upstream Sellers and Downstream Consumers to Reduce Market Risk 11. 3. 3 Coping Strategy of Enterprises Request Discount @ http://www. marketreportschina. com/contacts/discount? rname=4357 . Buy Report @ http://www. marketreportschina. com/contacts/purchase? rname=4357.

Biological Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Essay

Biological Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa affect millions of people each year in the United States (1). Popular thought holds that these disorders are caused by women trying to fulfill a culturally imposed ideal body image which stresses thinness. As anorexia and bulimia have proven difficult to treat solely with a psychological-based treatment plan it is likely that there are many factors contributing to these disorders. Research has shown, however, that there is a significant biological component which leads to a manifestation of these disorders (2). Current ideas on the biological origins of anorexia and bulimia will be explored in this paper. These include areas ranging from genetic factors to neurotransmitter and hormone imbalances. Genetics appears to play a significant role in predisposing a person to developing an eating disorder. Abnormal neurotransmitter levels have been shown to exist in people with both bulimia and anorexia. Hormone functioning and levels are also atypical in people with eating disorders. While most studies focus on one area, and usually on just one neurotransmitter or hormone, the different biological causes of eating disorders seem to be related to one another. How these possible biological causes influences the I-function (which is the term for the components of the nervous system which give a sense of being oneself) will be examined as well in this paper. Anorexia nervosa is described as a disorder in which women and men intentionally starve themselves, losing at least fifteen percent of their normal body weight. This self imposed emaciation usually begins during puberty and is most common among middle to upper class Caucasian women, affecti... ...nclusion, however was very useful. http://www.ama-assn.org/sci-pubs/journal/archive/psyc/vol_54/no_6/oa5354a.htm 9. Research Re: Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa. This page is a list of absrtacts from research articles centered on the treatment of bulimia. It is good for a quick overview on what is being done currently in this field. The anstracts were generally easy to understand and follow. http://www.mentalhealth.com/dis-rs2/p25-et02.html 10. Scientific American: Explorations. This page, from Scientific American, is an article from that journal. It focuses on the discovery of two new hormones related to weight control. http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm 11. Eating Disorders. This is an extensive web site on eating disorders from The Harvard Mental Health Letter. It is well written and very complete. http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5h-et03.html Biological Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Essay Biological Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa affect millions of people each year in the United States (1). Popular thought holds that these disorders are caused by women trying to fulfill a culturally imposed ideal body image which stresses thinness. As anorexia and bulimia have proven difficult to treat solely with a psychological-based treatment plan it is likely that there are many factors contributing to these disorders. Research has shown, however, that there is a significant biological component which leads to a manifestation of these disorders (2). Current ideas on the biological origins of anorexia and bulimia will be explored in this paper. These include areas ranging from genetic factors to neurotransmitter and hormone imbalances. Genetics appears to play a significant role in predisposing a person to developing an eating disorder. Abnormal neurotransmitter levels have been shown to exist in people with both bulimia and anorexia. Hormone functioning and levels are also atypical in people with eating disorders. While most studies focus on one area, and usually on just one neurotransmitter or hormone, the different biological causes of eating disorders seem to be related to one another. How these possible biological causes influences the I-function (which is the term for the components of the nervous system which give a sense of being oneself) will be examined as well in this paper. Anorexia nervosa is described as a disorder in which women and men intentionally starve themselves, losing at least fifteen percent of their normal body weight. This self imposed emaciation usually begins during puberty and is most common among middle to upper class Caucasian women, affecti... ...nclusion, however was very useful. http://www.ama-assn.org/sci-pubs/journal/archive/psyc/vol_54/no_6/oa5354a.htm 9. Research Re: Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa. This page is a list of absrtacts from research articles centered on the treatment of bulimia. It is good for a quick overview on what is being done currently in this field. The anstracts were generally easy to understand and follow. http://www.mentalhealth.com/dis-rs2/p25-et02.html 10. Scientific American: Explorations. This page, from Scientific American, is an article from that journal. It focuses on the discovery of two new hormones related to weight control. http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm 11. Eating Disorders. This is an extensive web site on eating disorders from The Harvard Mental Health Letter. It is well written and very complete. http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5h-et03.html

Environmental scanning Essay

International Players Cement and Lafarge Birla Cement, the Indian cement industry is broadly home-grown. Ultratech Cement, the country’s largest firm in terms of cement capacity, holds around 22% of the domestic market, with ACC (50%-owned by Holcim) and Ambuja (50%-owned by Holcim) having 15% and 13% shares respectively. †¢Many of the remaining dozen top players are Indian and are (in order of diminishing market share); Jaiprakash Associates (10%), The India Cements Ltd (7%), Shree Cements (6%), Century Textiles and Industries (5%), Madras Cements (5%), Lafarge (5%), Birla Cement (4%) and Binani Cement (4%). †¢ Between them the top 12 cement firms have around 70% of the domestic market. Around 100 smaller players produce and grind cement on a wide range of scales but are often confined to small areas Economic Environment’s Impact  on Cement Industry †¢ Currently, the industry is on the boom, with a lot of government infrastructure and housing projects under construction. In spite of seeing a fall during 2008-09, the export segment of the industry is expected to grow again on account of various infrastructure projects that are being taken up all over the world and numerous outstanding cement plants coming up in near future in the country. †¢ Over time more sophisticated and refined methodologies in connection with longer time series were employed to study productivity change. The contribution of total factor productivity to output  growth was of primary interest to explain the continuously low economic development. †¢ During that time, labor productivity as well as capital availability and use increased considerably, while the overall growth rate of the economy stagnated at low levels †¢ Concerned about the efficiency of resource use researchers started investigating productivity growth and input factor substitutions for aggregate manufacturing as well as various industries Ambuja Cement’s ECONOMIC CONDITION †¢ Its financial statements i.e balance sheet and profit and loss, profits are increasing every year and its share price is also high as compared to other cement industries and its assets are also  increased. It means that its financial position is very strong as compared to others. †¢ From here we can analyse that its profits are increasing year by year and it means that they are providing more to GPI,with this our NPI will also be increase and overall position of country will be better. †¢ From here we can analyse that if industry position is strong then our country’s position will also be strong. †¢ It means it is beneficial for the people and country. Social Environment’s impact  on industry †¢ Usually, the cement industry in India consists of both the organized sector and the unorganized sector. †¢ Organized sector comprises of the well-known cement manufacturing companies while the main players of the unorganized sector are the regional and local cement-producing units in various states across the state. †¢ Indian consumers prefer buying branded cement like ULTRATECH, JAYPEE CEMENT, LAFARGE CEMENT etc. †¢ It has been seen in the past, as well, that mini cement plants with low  brand value and image are not able to survive against the cement giants. †¢ With a population of more than 100 billion people, it is expected that cement industry will create another 25 lakhs jobs in the next 4-5 years. Ambuja Cements’ Social Impact †¢ This particular company is totally different from. On this case they really helped by doing lot of social work like they putt off various health centres for the poor people and provide Monetary help also to some reason. †¢ They also helped by providing education facilities to poor people like books etc. †¢ Not only this they are also providing good quality products that doesn’t harm any kind of injuries to the people while they are using it. †¢ The Company strives to provide a safe and healthy work environment for its employees and to avoid adverse impact and injury to the environment and communities in which the company conducts its business. The commitment is reflected in the number of awards the Company has received including National Award for outstanding pollution control. †¢ The awareness and training programme on health and safety related issues should be conducted regularly. All the employees, and directors shall comply with all applicable laws and regulations relating to health and safety so as to ensure healthy and safe work environment. Using or being under the influence of illegal drugs and alcohol on the job is absolutely prohibited. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY †¢ The price of cement is primarily controlled by the coal rates, power tariffs, railway tariffs, freight, royalty and cess on limestone. Interestingly, government controls all of these prices. †¢ Government is also one of the biggest consumers of the cement in the country. †¢ Govt. of India plans to increase its investment in infrastructure to US $ 1 trillion in the TwelfthFive Year Plan (2012-17) will lead to increase in the demand of cement. †¢ Infrastructure projects such as the dedicated freight corridors, upgraded new airports and ports are expected to enhance the scale of  economic activity, leading to a substantial increase in cement demand furthermore. †¢ Most state governments, in order to attract investments in their respective states, offer Fiscal incentives in the form of sales tax exemptions/deferrals. States like Haryana offer a freeze on power tariff for 5 years, while Gujarat offers exemption from electric duty. †¢ Strict law & order conditions and political will of the leader of any state enhance theconfidence of people living in the states as well as corporate to invest in that particular state. †¢ The total Government levies and taxes , which include Royalty on Limestone, Royalty on Coal,Electricity Duty, VAT/Sales Tax etc.,on cement constitute about 60% or more of the exfactoryprice of cement. Political Environment for Ambuja Cements Its political environmental is totally different from others because they never put any kind of political pressure on any other whether it is against or in favor for them. They always try to follow the proper rules and regulations that are made by the central government. †¢ But still they have to change their strategies as per change in the political environment. †¢ This policy applies solely to the Company and is not intended to discourage or prevent individual Director or Employee from making political contributions or engaging in political activities on their own behalf. †¢ No personal political contribution is reimbursed by the Company. No personal political activities should interfere with duties to be discharged with the Company in line with this Code of Conduct. LEGAL ENVIRONMENT †¢ Ambuja cements is most recognized unit in India and they always they are following proper rules and regulations that are made by central government and also follows that are mentioned in the Company’s ACT 1947 regarding Safety, Health and Social needs. †¢ They should Endeavour to keep abreast of the developments in laws and regulations and comply with the same. If any one gets to know of any non compliance of any of the laws in his or her colleagues area of operation in the company the same is brought to his/her immediate notice as well to the notice of his/her Head of the Department. †¢ All Directors and Employees of the Company conduct business affairs with honesty and integrity and in full compliance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations and shall not commit any illegal or unethical act or instruct others to do so, for any reason. Technological Factors affecting the Cement Industry †¢ From mining to production the entire process depends on technology. †¢ The Government of India plans to study and possibly acquire new technologies from the cement industry of Japan. †¢ The government is discussing technology transfer in the field of energy conservation and environment protection to help improve efficiency of the Indian cement industry. †¢ At present 93% of the total capacity in the industry is based on modern and environment-friendly dry process technology. †¢ There is tremendous scope for waste heat recovery in cement plants and thereby reduction in emission level. †¢ One project for co-generation of power utilizing waste heat in an Indian cement plant is being implemented with Japanese assistance under Green Aid Plan. †¢ The induction of advanced technology has helped the industry immensely to conserve energy and fuel and to save materials substantially. †¢ Also, some cement plants have set up dedicated jetties for promoting bulk transportation and export. Technological environment for Ambuja Cements Ltd. †¢ It is one of the most important factor as compared to  others. In this particular we are going to discuss that  what type of technology they are using and how much  beneficial for them as well as for the people who are  using this particular product. †¢ Ambuja cements industry is having good quality  machines to make their products and also they are using  latest technology machines. And their technology is very  effective that is implemented and they also implanted  modern technology like Inventory Control system etc INTERNATIONAL Factors affecting Cement  Industry †¢ With the rapid growth rate of the Indian economy after the 1990s, the infrastructural developments within the country has been tremendous. †¢ The increase in the construction activities has led to the increase in the demand for updated quality building materials and other allied products. †¢ Cement being one of the major elements in the construction work, there is a growth in the cement industry in India. The consumption of cement has increased in India by nearly 7.5%. †¢ With the globalization of Indian cement industry many foreign cement manufacturers are engaging themselves in agreements and deals with their India counter parts to have a share of the growth. †¢ Large cement players in India will use the acquisition route to enhance capacity and market share. It is clear that smaller plants will not survive in the long term. The top five players will hold 70-80 % of capacities and market in the next decade. †¢ There is an expectation that more global players would come into India as they would like to get a foothold in the market as the demand will propel in the emerging economies. †¢ Acquisition appears a good route primarily because a Greenfield cement plant takes 3-4 years to build and another 3-4 years to break even at an operating level of even 70-75 %. E.g.:- The acquisition of the Larsen & Toubro cement (ULTRATECH CEMENT LIMITED) business by Grasim Industries Limited in 2003-04 is a case in point.

An Indigenous understanding of Reciprocity

Reciprocity is an underlying principle expressed throughout Aboriginal societies. Outline and Illustrate the Importance of this fundamental concept In the economic, social, spiritual and political spheres of Aboriginal life (refer to reciprocity In the index to Edwards 2005). The word reciprocity's conjures up a feel good image of ‘caring and sharing' (Schwab 1995: 8). However according to Peterson (1 993: 861) there is a darker more sinister side to this word when applied to Indigenous Australians.He defines it as ‘demand sharing' rather than reciprocity and he states hat Blurter Jones (1 987: 38) labels it tolerated theft. Peterson (1993: 860) goes on to assert that little ‘giving' Is purely altruistic because the giver might simply be protecting themselves from ‘pay-back† if they do not give, or be expecting some mutual benefit. Edwards (2004:76) espouses that white Australians disregarded the reciprocity of traditional territorial rights and misunder stood the code of mutuality in social relationships.They also failed to identify the privileges and responsibilities central to Aboriginal society based on relationship and reciprocity (Edwards 2004: 24). In order to enter a discussion on reciprocity with regard to our Indigenous culture, It must be looked at on two levels. First how reciprocity Is a central principle that has pervaded Aboriginal societies for millennia and secondly the impact that reciprocity with the Western culture has had on this Indigenous community, since the advent of Colonization.The Western way generally requires the borrower to formulate a case of need, whereas the Aboriginal approach is slanted towards the giver having to explain why he cannot give (Schwab 1 995: 8). However there is an increasing recognition that mutual benefit worked better within the Indigenous community when Aboriginals were hunter gatherers than It seems to In today's welfare society. Schwab (1995: title page) leans towards this real ization in his discussion paper short titled â€Å"The Calculus of Reciprocity†, where one could interpret the meaning of ‘calculus' to be the study of changed {mathematical}.He outlines an accepted act of generations of give and take, to one that is gradually changing to take' and either delayed ‘giving back or not at all. In the past the food or other goods ere shared out until they were all gone (Schwab 1995: 3-4) but Increasingly a ‘complex yet subtle calculus Is employed on a dally basis as Individuals decide which expenses (or gifts) require immediate attention and which can be deferred' (Schwab, 1995: 15). Reciprocity influences the political climate of Aboriginal society, especially the law, which was, is now, and always will be.According to Needing, Davis and Fox (1986: 42) an Elder sums it up when he says the Aboriginal Law never changes, â€Å"always stay same† while conversely, Western law Is â€Å"always changing†. There Is an Inte rconnectedness of all things, an agelessness which bears witness that spoilt exists now, as it did before and that creation exists as an historical fact and also has present currency and will into the future. In Colonial times, the principle of reciprocity was enigmatic to the Westerners and a constant source of acrimony – politically, legally and culturally.The Aboriginal philosophy of reciprocity encompassed the idea that if the balance of life was disturbed, there must be a ‘corresponding action' to repair the Imbalance and the status quo must be preserved aboriginal life and this essay will discuss the importance of reciprocity with regard to economic, political, social and spiritual spheres of Aboriginal life, although it is difficult to compartmentalize Aboriginal society due to its complexity, as there is an overlap and interconnectedness in all things.The economy is interwoven with politics, as social life is melded with spirituality. Pre Colonially, the concept of reciprocity had ensured the survival of Indigenous Australian peoples' lifestyle as a distinct economic style for thousands of years (Sermons, H. 2005: 70). In more recent mimes, colonial interference with its autocratic removal and relocation of key individuals and whole groups resulted in virtually a complete collapse of the traditional Aboriginal economy.As hunting and gathering is no longer possible for city dwellers, the concept of reciprocity becomes even more important, from an economic point of view, due to the nature of extended families all co-habiting in one small dwelling because of mutual obligation or reciprocity. According to Smith (1991) household structure has to stretch to encompass the extra-household fiscal networks it now accommodates. One must consider the concept of reciprocity or mutual benefit to obtain an understanding of domestic expenditure patterns.To better understand the impact of reciprocity on a single family, here is an example from the Lacuna c ommunity (Wallpaper people), which is currently representative of many Aboriginal communities (Sheathe, E 2005: 151). This anecdote illustrates how (poor) Aboriginal health is indisputably linked to their economic situation and that reduced eating patterns (feast or famine Schwab 2004: 5) are encouraged by the government welfare system.Elizabeth and David are out shopping for their extended family,4 hen Emily approaches and asks for food explaining her welfare money has run out, she is given quite a large amount of food. Elizabeth explains ‘l like to shop Just before it closes, because there are fewer people here †¦ In the mornings there are too many hungry people waiting for you' (Sheathe, E 2005: 152). This means Elizabethan family will eat well for a few days and then when the food runs out (earlier than intended because she has given some away) they will have to eat sparingly, or not at all, until the next welfare payment.At the same time David has been approached by Steve to use his gun and ammunition. David is reluctant to give up his gun fearing Steve will damage it, but willingly gives ammunition. David says ‘All the time people want things from you. It is no good. ‘ Later Steve returns and gives David a very small proportion of his ‘kill' (Sheathe, E 2005: 1 53); this is representative of a refused reciprocation. Stave's exchange is small because David did not share his gun. In the case of Emily, one can assume that if she has spent her welfare money before 1 1. 5 am on the day she received it, then it is doubtful she will reciprocate Elizabethan ‘gift' NY time in the future, as Emily has demonstrated she is unable to budget within her own economy. So, while reciprocation might have worked pre-colonization, it can be seen that in the present welfare economy, it is no longer a system of reciprocation, but rather a system of using and abusing one's kin because reciprocation is seen as a ‘right' and seemingly no l onger has to be ‘repaid', however the ‘shame' involved in not paying back (especially if the person has the means) has not changed (Schwab 2004: 6).The substance abuser, or the drunkard still have to be supported by their kin but hey are an economic threat to the household and possibly provide no means of return of the traditional arrangements of reciprocity while advocating that Indigenous people accept more responsibility so a sound economic base can be rebuilt for Aboriginal Communities. Both Elizabeth and Davit's self-protectionist attitudes seem to reflect the ‘modern' interpretation of reciprocity, that it is their kin's right to take', while sadly, they conceivably no longer expect them to repay in kind.Therefore the economy of this single household is skewed by having to support the immunity in general, instead of specifically their own family. In the past this would have been balanced out by equal trade-off, from Emily and Steve (or their immediate kin) bu t now days, due to issues such as alcoholism, homelessness, lack of education and substance abuse, true reciprocity is not as ubiquitous as it once was.A displaced sense of entitlement on the part of the taker' seems to be replacing the traditional sense of reciprocity and a certain wary counting of the cost seems to be reflected in the ‘giver's' calculus where the whole concept seems to be becoming a social burden Schwab 2004: 8). Indeed, Peterson (1993) in his article ‘Demand Sharing: Reciprocity and the Pressure for Generosity among Foragers' asks the question â€Å"Why is there a positive enjoyment to share if sharing is commonly by taking rather than giving? † (p. 861).When it comes to establishing the economic basis of a family, it becomes very difficult to measure their actual income due to people moving in and out of households, but Western society dictates that families meet eligibility criteria in order to qualify for welfare. The ideology of traditional reciprocity is not taken into account ND Schwab (1995: 16) suggests that politics, or policy makers ‘accommodate rather than contravene' these monetary instabilities and the ever changing family support arrangements. Western politics or law is generally not taken on board by Aboriginal society, or if it is, it is with reluctance and resentment.With this in mind, Schwab (2004: 2) wrote his discussion paper â€Å"The Calculus of Reciprocity' to further a ‘better understanding of the principles of reciprocity in contemporary Aboriginal communities' in the hope that it would better inform government policy makers, at a local, state and national level. There are two sets of politics (law) that the Aboriginal people must abide by. On the one hand there are the Politics and Law of Australia and then there are their own laws and politics as illustrated by The Dreaming, where explicit moral lessons transmit the ideology of didactic human behavior (Schwab 2004: 3).There is outra ge in Australia at the suggestion that certain individuals seek to impose elements of Shari law, but we turn a blind eye, or have a lack of understanding of Indigenous people carrying out their version of reciprocity when it comes to breaking their own laws. Some of the punishments imposed by Aboriginal Law include, death, spearing or other forms of corporal punishment (e. G. , burning the hair from the wrongdoer's body), individual ‘dueling with spears, boomerangs or fighting sticks, shaming, public ridicule, exclusion from the community or total exclusion (Australian Law Reform Commission ND: 1).The code of reciprocity controls the mutual rights and kinship obligations of the individual and encompasses the cultural norm of ‘payback for wrongdoing (Fryer-Smith, S 2002: 2. 18). As well as an understanding that reciprocity means the sharing of tools and food, there is also a oral principle of reciprocity with its negative forms encompassing retribution and revenge (Alkali and Johnson 1999, in Burbank 2006: 7). Burbank (2006: 7) stated that be killed, then reciprocity can be satisfied by the killing of another family member as due to the intricacies of kinship they are considered one and the same.This viewpoint would be considered barbaric in Western culture and would not be tolerated. As Edwards (2004: 73) states, the person who breaks the law must serve the sentence and for another person to pay the penalty would not be Justified or even permitted in Western law. In indigenous land management, the politics of reciprocity (between Western and Indigenous) should involve knowledge and understanding but the white Australian man tries to impose his vastly different practices onto the Aboriginals who have been practicing successful land management for millennia.Disappointingly much of the thousands of years of Indigenous knowledge are often disregarded by Whitefishes' (Baker, Davies, Young, 2001: 158). To illustrate the disparity of understanding of the principles of reciprocity in Colonial times, Edwards (2004: 73) outlines the anecdote where the Elder showed he settler a waterhole and then considered it a reciprocal action to later kill a sheep for food when the settler used the waterhole to water his flock.This Aboriginal would then be dealt with by the police and the courts and he would be mystified as he could see no Justice in a system such as this where reciprocity did not play a part. In his law, laid down by The Dreaming it would be sanctioned behavior to take the sheep as pay back for food for his clan. Western politics plays a part in the downfall of the concept of reciprocity, firstly by taking away the dignity of Indigenous people ho cannot reciprocate for their welfare payments in any quantifiable way.Secondly because life has so drastically changed for the indigenous people since Colonization, they now find themselves stripped of their place and their land and instead find themselves in the undignified position of be ing passive welfare recipients. So many have fallen by the wayside and become victims of alcohol and substance abuse due to their once well organized and purposeful life being ripped away. This has made them reliant on their relatives generosity, which leaves them no self-respect and minimal fiscal, physical or emotional resources to pay back with.Therefore the notion of reciprocity as a system of checks and balances to maintain social equilibrium (Bourne and Edwards, 1998, 100, p 106. In Fryer-Smith, S 2002: 2. 18) is stymied for some. Traditionally social stability has been maintained within the Aboriginal society because reciprocity has functioned as a means of equilibrium. Reciprocity has been important throughout all social and family relationships, where a complex system of kinship lines exists. This system relies heavily on the responsible and reciprocal participation of all members from the give-and-take of tools and hunting weapons, to the sharing of food.As one Elder expla ined: â€Å"Sharing Just a way of life for Aboriginal people, probably in our genes or something. Might be left over from the old days when we were hunters and that .. . All Aboriginal people know what it's like to be hungry. We Just can't turn away someone who says he's hungry †¦ I guess white people have a hard time understanding that one† (Schwab 1991: 145), whereas Western society is built on capitalism, meaning that some of its central values are totally opposed to the tradition view of Aboriginal culture (Richardson J 2006: 144). Moieties subtle and often invisible to some (Schwab 2004: 3). Indigenous societies place emphasis on social identity and the obligations individuals have to conform to the expectations their society has mapped out for them, whereas in Western societies the emphasis is on the individual and the rights and freedoms of that individual and there is no expectation that people will conform (Edwards, 2004: 52). Almost any behavior is accepted, as long as their actions do not harm others.Aboriginals believe there is a balance within ourselves that incorporates our social lives and our spiritual lives and to integrate ourselves into the ecology and consciousness of this oral, we need to intertwine these two worlds in our daily existence (Lower 1991 : 49). The requirement of reciprocity underpins most aspects of spiritual life, including ritual, ceremony and the protection of sacred sites (Fryer-Smith, S 2002: 2. 18). If one gives to the ancestor's by way of ceremony, song, ritual and dance they reciprocate by giving the strength, power and knowledge of the spirits (Lower 1991 P: 48).Likewise if one honors the earth, the earth will reciprocate with an abundant harvest. An Aboriginal had/has a responsibility to perform the rituals that released the creative rowers that abide in the land and if these rituals are not performed, great harm could befall the land. Even today, Aboriginal land management techniques rely on understandi ng the religious links between the Indigenous peoples and the land (Baker et al 2001: 113). Western society puts its faith in science and technology, while keeping an eye on the weather, to reap the finest harvest.They do not pray or perform religious services to interact with the land. Indigenous people believe the whole environment is formed by The Dreaming, there is a sense that all things partake in the sacredness of life. For millennia, Aboriginal people have co-existed with spiritual beings in their daily life. The essence of spirituality is present throughout the material world and through a cryptic sense of time; Aboriginal People seamlessly connect with the Dreaming origins of their spiritual being (Edwards 2004: 86).Aboriginal religion is bound up in The Dreaming and dictates that responsibility consists of acting in accordance with a few moral principles. For Aboriginal people, being deprived of their land means a â€Å"deprivation of access† to The Dreaming and th e severing of a certain life-force which breaks the link with The Dreaming. It is this very real deprivation that has broken the spirit of many an Aboriginal person, leaving them empty and heartsick (Triggering 1988: xv-xvii).Aboriginal people base their claim to ownership of the land on their belief that the spiritual forces which shaped the land also created them and still inhabit this land today (Edwards: 19). Rose (2004: 42) points out that earth is the initial mother, the mother of everything. She goes on to say that all knowledge and all living beings in their diversity are ultimately born of earth. Non-indigenous Australians often countryside the significance of the land to Aboriginal people; however The Aboriginal Land Rights and Native Title movements have increased awareness of this issue.As Rose (1987) says in her article â€Å"Consciousness and Responsibility in an Australian Aboriginal Religion†, if people protect the land by burning, using the country, performin g ceremonies to increase the bounty and by protecting the dangerous Dreaming sites so that no harm escapes, the land will repay them by reciprocal relationship that ensures the continuity of life for all involved, the land, humans, animals and the plant life (peg. 262). Partaking in this exchange of life will lead to balance for the land and its inhabitants. DRP.Pollinate in â€Å"Looking after our Spirit† (Pearce, M 2012) states that we have a duty of care to engage in reciprocity with the earth and to ensure that the environment we have inherited is left in the same, if not better condition, than when we got it. This is an ideal philosophy, but unfortunately the greed of many non-indigenous ventures such as mining for minerals and gas in many traditional lands has caused an imbalance and to the eyes of the Indigenous peoples, many landscapes are now out of balance and the aim of cooperation has been pillaged.Non-indigenous ventures plunder the land and they take, but they d o not reciprocate by giving anything back, although Western conservation laws are beginning to address this situation. As this essay has demonstrated, reciprocity is an economic means of survival and the Indigenous political system is built on the presumption of reciprocity, while the Australian Judicial system has been influenced by Aboriginal philosophy. Such documents as ‘Aboriginal Customary Laws and Sentencing, Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of ‘Punishment† by the Australian Law Reform Commission, (ND) and theAboriginal Bench book for Western Australia Courts (2002) by Fryer Smith have been distributed to foster an understanding of the concept of reciprocity that Aboriginal life is founded on. Society is based on complex kinship lines where reciprocity is expected and accepted but is open to exploitation as demonstrated by those abusing the passive welfare system and who no longer honor the traditional social norms. A fulfilling spiritual life revolv es around maintaining relations with the Dreaming Spirits.