Energy Deregulation :: essays research papers

As we have witnessed the rolling black pop outs and emergency alerts throughout many split of our state of California within the past 12 months, at that place is a question waiting to be answered. Why do we have an energy crisis when there are other states that are doing just fine? Before we come to any hasty conclusion, let us ask ourselves what happened to the energy policy during the mid(prenominal) 90s? During that period the voltaic utilities went from being highly regulated to being deregulated following the trend in successful deregulation of many industries such as airway and telecommunication industries. The concept that deregulation result bring more competitive prices and better services to the public, undermined the negative potentials of the free market system. Deregulation bill mustiness be abolished because it brings higher electricity prices, lower reliabilities of electricity, and also it threatens to drag down our economy along with it. First, we have seen a nation-wide increase in both sweeping and retail electricity prices. In California as an example, the wholesale prices increased seven times last year compared to 1999 (Kahn and Lynch 13). The average residential electric bill almost doubled from $40 to $80 in San Diego when the SDG & Es retail price freeze ended in June 2000.1 According to cap Governor Gray Locke, the whole energy prices have gone up from ten to twenty times the prices of a year ago (1). In tender York, more specifically in New York City and parts of Westchester County which are one of the first areas in the country to deregulate retail prices entirely, the retail grade have increased almost 30% (Eisenberg 47). This is bad when you consider that ones that are going to be most hurt from these unreasonably high electricity prices will be the individuals and families that are in the low-income bracket. Second, the reliability of electricity was compromised throughout many parts of our state, affecting both resident ial and business sectors. On June 14, 2000, about 100,000 customers were blacked out in San Francisco Bay Area (Kahn and Lynch 9-10). According to Lorenco Goncalves, the CEO of California steel industries, We were interrupted 14 times this month January compared to not once from 1987 to 1998. So many other industries depend on what we send themIf they cant depend on my products, they will buy them elsewhere (Wood and Sherer). These uncertain interruptions are causing a lot of damage in our economy.

Frank Sinatra :: essays research papers fc

Before Tim McGraw, Led Zeppelin, and even before Elvis Presley there was uncivil Sinatra. The firearm some say "held the patent for the popular song". During his career Ol Blue Eyes had cut some 1,800 recordings, gathered nine Grammys, and was considered by many critics to be the preeminent singer of this century (CNN, N.Pag). Durring his prospicient career he became on e of the most successful pop medicament figures of the century. Sinatras sophisticated musicianship was unembellished in his many recordings. (Columbia Encyclopedia). fustian blah blah.Frank Sinatra was born in Hoboken, New Jersey on December 12th 1915. (Encyclopedia Americana) He make it through Junior High inform but only lasted forty-seven days in senior high. This could be partly due to his attitude toward school, Frank was quoted saying "To my crowd, school was very uninteresting, and preparation was something we n ever so bothered with. The few times we attended class we, we were rowdy. So it isnt surprising that a bundle up of us were expelled." (Madigon 148) after(prenominal) dropping come to the fore of high school, Frank Sinatra got his first big break in the music industry with Major Boes and his "Amateur moment" in 1935, singing in a group called the Hoboken Four. Four years later in 1939, Frank Sinatra got his first radio play on a station out of New York, WNEW. (enc reality bio) After having his first Radio play, Frank Sinatra was ready to go afterward "the big guys". In 1939 He went after big-band leader molest James, Taking note of Sinatras slim build and huge ego, James remarked, "He considers himself the greatest vocalist in the business. Get that No ones ever heard of him Hes never had a come upon record, and he looks like a wet rag, but he says hes the greatest" (CNN, N.Pag). He then signed with Harry James for $75 a week. After seven months with Harry James, Frank Sinatra joined Tommy Dorsey and his orchestra (Enc worl d bio). With Tommy Dorsey, Franks singing career began to skyrocket, with the Dorsey band he had his first big hits, including "Ill never smile Again" and "In the Blue of Evening" (Grolier Multimedia, N.Pag). These two songs topped the charts in 1943 (Readers Companion). The attention Sinatra was getting for his performances caught the center of the movie industry, and he appeared in much than sixty films. Durring his acting years Frank Sinatra continued to sing as well, and landed at the top of the music charts.Frank Sinatra essays research papers fc Before Tim McGraw, Led Zeppelin, and even before Elvis Presley there was Frank Sinatra. The man some say "held the patent for the popular song". During his career Ol Blue Eyes had cut some 1,800 recordings, gathered nine Grammys, and was considered by many critics to be the preeminent singer of this century (CNN, N.Pag). Durring his long career he became on e of the most successful pop music figures of the century. Sinatras sophisticated musicianship was evident in his many recordings. (Columbia Encyclopedia). blah blah blah.Frank Sinatra was born in Hoboken, New Jersey on December 12th 1915. (Encyclopedia Americana) He made it through Junior High school but only lasted forty-seven days in senior high. This could be partly due to his attitude toward school, Frank was quoted saying "To my crowd, school was very uninteresting, and homework was something we never bothered with. The few times we attended class we, we were rowdy. So it isnt surprising that a bunch of us were expelled." (Madigon 148) After dropping out of high school, Frank Sinatra got his first big break in the music industry with Major Boes and his "Amateur Hour" in 1935, singing in a group called the Hoboken Four. Four years later in 1939, Frank Sinatra got his first radio play on a station out of New York, WNEW. (enc world bio) After having his first Radio play, Frank Sinatra was ready to go after " the big guys". In 1939 He went after big-band leader Harry James, Taking note of Sinatras slim build and huge ego, James remarked, "He considers himself the greatest vocalist in the business. Get that No ones ever heard of him Hes never had a hit record, and he looks like a wet rag, but he says hes the greatest" (CNN, N.Pag). He then signed with Harry James for $75 a week. After seven months with Harry James, Frank Sinatra joined Tommy Dorsey and his orchestra (Enc world bio). With Tommy Dorsey, Franks singing career began to skyrocket, with the Dorsey band he had his first big hits, including "Ill never Smile Again" and "In the Blue of Evening" (Grolier Multimedia, N.Pag). These two songs topped the charts in 1943 (Readers Companion). The attention Sinatra was getting for his performances caught the eye of the movie industry, and he appeared in more than sixty films. Durring his acting years Frank Sinatra continued to sing as well, and landed at the top of the music charts.

Olestra :: essays research papers

OlestraTechnically speaking, it was to be the something that was supposedly going to change the world. Stock analysts even proclaimed it as being the "single most important discovery in the history of the food industry", and would generate over a billion dollars annually in sales becomming Procter and Gambles, the creators, best selling crossing. What is not to deal about a product which replaces the fat content in previosly named junk food such as potato chips? Apparently quite a bit.Olestra was number 1 invented in 1968 as a way of increasing an infants intake of fat. This is when they stumbled upon a special chemcial which was actually the hexa, hepta, and octa-esters of fatty acid of sucrose. These molecules are so big and fatty, that the dust cannot be metabolized by the body by enzymes and bacteria in the intestine, and as a result is not digested or absorbed. Instead of increasing fat intake, this chemical replaced it.Almost 30 years later, Olestra was finally g iven approval by the FDA to be used in food, however, with the condition of a warning label indicating the product can induse upset stomach and loose stools, as well as inhibiting the absorbtion of vitamins A, D, E and K. For a product that was supposed to be perfect, what happened? Studies conducted prior, first with mice, had somewhat shocking results which indicated that in addition to the first two problems stated, Olestra can cause cancer. The reason for this is that the product interferes with the bodies natural absorbtion of carotenoids which are found in fruits in vegetables, which help the body fight against cancer. Studies in humans showed that people who consumed 2 grams of Olestra per day had 15% lower level of carotenoids in their body than those who didnt eat them. A regular coat bag of chips made with Olestra however, contain over 15 grams. Further studies showen that when given Olestra doses every day included in every meal, levels dropped over 60%. one time Olestr a hit the market, the FDA recieved more than 1000 reports of the food causing adverse reactions, yet Procter and Gamble still maintain the product is harmless. To perhaps nobodies surprise, "fake-fat" containing products recieved initial high sales, still quickly plummeted due to both the media and word of mouth on its affects, as well as the warning label and relative high price.

The Lack of Nutrition In Africa Essay -- Nutrition

In Africa there ar somewhat 276 million individuals who are bear on by miss of nutrition. Moreover, 399 million individuals live on one dollar a day in Africa. Developing countries carries 90% of the disease burden, yet benefit from only 10% of the resources allocated to health (Kinabo, 2001), even though the majority of the population is located in these countries. Approximately 43% of the children in the developing countries experience stunted growth overdue to malnutrition, and 36% of the children are bony (Bone and France, 2003). There are many organizations trying to improve the overall lack of nutrition in Africa. Despite the big(p) number of organizations minor changes in the affected population has changed. A few deficiencies have even seen an increase. Malnutrition is increasing due to HIV/AIDS epidemic and the changing global environment in socio, politico and economic relations (Kinabo, 2001, p. 114). Therefore, good nutrition needs to be emphatic due to it links d irectly with the economic issues indoors the country. Additionally, the ability to increase the budgets for governments to deal out health, education and nutrition on account of education is great dodge to help the population understand the importance of nutrition within their daily lives.The great lack of sufficient nutrition in Africa is outrageous. Malnutrition in various forms populate and persists in all countries of Africa (Kinabo, 2001, p. 103). There is a different problem issue within different countries that is directly linked to the development of the country. For instance, the type of malnutrition that exists in Seychelles and Mauritius is that of fleshiness and associated diseases (Kinabo, 2001, p. 103). The most common nutritional problems... ...ese deficiencies. Although the main step that should be taken is that of withdrawing individuals who are particularly skilled for another countries benefit, which would reduce the brain drain and let in the individuals t o help develop their country within Africa. Works CitedBone, P. and France, K. (2003). International harmonization of feed and nutrition regulation the good and the bad. Journal of Public Policy and trade 22(1) 102-110. Retrieved from JSTOR database. World hunger and poverty facts and statistics (WHPFS). (2011). Hunger Notes. Retrieved from http//www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/world%20hunger%20facts%202002.htmWhat_are_the_causes_of_hunger Kinabo, J. (2001). Nutrition in africa in a global economy perspectives challenges and opportunities. African Study Monographs, 22(3) 103-122. Retrieved from ProQuest Database. The Lack of Nutrition In Africa Essay -- NutritionIn Africa there are about 276 million individuals who are affected by lack of nutrition. Moreover, 399 million individuals live on one dollar a day in Africa. Developing countries carries 90% of the disease burden, yet benefit from only 10% of the resources allocated to health (Kinabo, 2001), even thou gh the majority of the population is located in these countries. Approximately 43% of the children in the developing countries experience stunted growth due to malnutrition, and 36% of the children are underweight (Bone and France, 2003). There are many organizations trying to improve the overall lack of nutrition in Africa. Despite the great number of organizations minor changes in the affected population has changed. A few deficiencies have even seen an increase. Malnutrition is increasing due to HIV/AIDS epidemic and the changing global environment in socio, politico and economic relations (Kinabo, 2001, p. 114). Therefore, good nutrition needs to be emphasized due to it links directly with the economic issues within the country. Additionally, the ability to increase the budgets for governments to address health, education and nutrition on account of education is great device to help the population understand the importance of nutrition within their daily lives.The great lack of sufficient nutrition in Africa is outrageous. Malnutrition in various forms exist and persists in all countries of Africa (Kinabo, 2001, p. 103). There is a different problem issue within different countries that is directly linked to the development of the country. For instance, the type of malnutrition that exists in Seychelles and Mauritius is that of obesity and associated diseases (Kinabo, 2001, p. 103). The most common nutritional problems... ...ese deficiencies. Although the main step that should be taken is that of withdrawing individuals who are particularly skilled for another countries benefit, which would reduce the brain drain and allow the individuals to help develop their country within Africa. Works CitedBone, P. and France, K. (2003). International harmonization of food and nutrition regulation the good and the bad. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 22(1) 102-110. Retrieved from JSTOR database. World hunger and poverty facts and statistics (WHPFS). (2011). Hu nger Notes. Retrieved from http//www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/world%20hunger%20facts%202002.htmWhat_are_the_causes_of_hunger Kinabo, J. (2001). Nutrition in africa in a global economy perspectives challenges and opportunities. African Study Monographs, 22(3) 103-122. Retrieved from ProQuest Database.

Songs For a Colored Singer by Elizabeth Bishop Essay -- Colored Singer

Songs For a dusky vocaliser by Elizabeth BishopWhat is a telephone call but a rime set to medication? Take away the music from a good song and the rhythm of the words will create its own musical sound. Songs For a Colored Singer, a poem written by Elizabeth Bishop, is a song without the music. Bishops use of repetitive rhymes creates the lyrical, song equal, body structure to her poem. The voice of the song belongs to a drear woman who encounters adversity byout the poem. The sum of the elements, a cruddy woman singing about hard times, equal one distinct style of music, viz. the megrims. Bishop divides the poem into four parts. Through each(prenominal) part the poem, Bishop uncovers variant aspects of the colored woman. What Bishop reveals is the difficult situations which face underprivileged black citizens in America. Bishops poem has similarities to a song by Billie Holiday, and is linked to a Langston Hughes poem. By using the voice of a colored singer, Bishop expo ses the inequality of early twentieth century African-Americans. Bishop examines the life of a colored domestic woman and portrays the difficult existence through song. Part one of the poem portrays a melancholy domestic who is having trouble with her man, a undefiled situation for the blue devils. The use of simple rhymes and syllable structure in the world-class stanza forecasts the lyrical tone of the poem. To create a sense of flow, the first and third stanzas have similar rhyme patterns, and the second and fourth stanzas also mirror each other. The use of the same line at the end of the second and fourth stanzas, Le Roy, youre earning too a lot money now, (Part 1. Lines 13 & 26), distinguishes this poem as a song. Rarely are lines repeated in poems, but the use of repetition is intrinsic in songs, because of the need for a chorus. Part one of the poem brings to light the inequality among race and class. Due to the economic conditions of African-Americans, they find themse lves working as domestics for much wealthier Caucasians. The singer expresses the difficulty working as a domestic, as she witnesses firsthand the inequalities of the classes, none of these things I can see belong to me (P1 L3-4), she continues to describe in distributor point the differences between the colored and the whites, they got a lot of closet blank shell we got a suit case. (P1, L7-8) The circumstances of the colored singer establish... ... Bishop says curious fruit (P4, L23). Holidays popular song predates the release of Bishops poem by seven years, 1939 and 1946 respectively. Bishops poem seems to have an influence on a famous poem written by Langston Hughes, Dream Deferred. In Hughes poem he eludes to years of African-American irritability festering like a fruit, then exploding. The similar themes draw Bishops poem to Hughes. Both poems foretell an eruption of anger coming from the African-American community.Bishop creates a poem which sounds similar to a song. Th e bluesy feel created by the structure along with the melancholy contents, form a perfect blues song. The poem chronicles the chaotic events of a colored domestic, who represents the plight of the African-American. Her helpless situation is a progeny of the vicious poverty cycle which traps African-Americans in permanent despair. Bishop ends the poem by forecasting an African-American uprising. Bishop believes African-Americans can but take so much, soon they will explode. Through Bishops use of simple rhymes, repetition of words and changing syllabic functions, this poem reads less like a typical poem, and more like a blues song. Songs For a Colored Singer by Elizabeth Bishop Essay -- Colored SingerSongs For a Colored Singer by Elizabeth BishopWhat is a song but a poem set to music? Take away the music from a good song and the rhythm of the words will create its own musical sound. Songs For a Colored Singer, a poem written by Elizabeth Bishop, is a song without t he music. Bishops use of repetitive rhymes creates the lyrical, song like, structure to her poem. The voice of the song belongs to a black woman who encounters adversity throughout the poem. The sum of the elements, a black woman singing about hard times, equal one distinct style of music, namely the blues. Bishop divides the poem into four parts. Through each part the poem, Bishop uncovers different aspects of the colored woman. What Bishop reveals is the difficult situations which face underprivileged black citizens in America. Bishops poem has similarities to a song by Billie Holiday, and is linked to a Langston Hughes poem. By using the voice of a colored singer, Bishop exposes the inequality of early twentieth century African-Americans. Bishop examines the life of a colored domestic woman and portrays the difficult existence through song. Part one of the poem portrays a melancholy domestic who is having trouble with her man, a classic situation for the blues. The use of simple rhymes and syllable structure in the first stanza forecasts the lyrical tone of the poem. To create a sense of flow, the first and third stanzas have identical rhyme patterns, and the second and fourth stanzas also mirror each other. The use of the same line at the end of the second and fourth stanzas, Le Roy, youre earning too much money now, (Part 1. Lines 13 & 26), distinguishes this poem as a song. Rarely are lines repeated in poems, but the use of repetition is essential in songs, because of the need for a chorus. Part one of the poem brings to light the inequality among race and class. Due to the economic conditions of African-Americans, they find themselves working as domestics for much wealthier Caucasians. The singer expresses the difficulty working as a domestic, as she witnesses firsthand the inequalities of the classes, none of these things I can see belong to me (P1 L3-4), she continues to describe in detail the differences between the colored and the whites, they got a lot of closet space we got a suit case. (P1, L7-8) The circumstances of the colored singer establish... ... Bishop says curious fruit (P4, L23). Holidays popular song predates the release of Bishops poem by seven years, 1939 and 1946 respectively. Bishops poem seems to have an influence on a famous poem written by Langston Hughes, Dream Deferred. In Hughes poem he eludes to years of African-American anger festering like a fruit, then exploding. The similar themes connect Bishops poem to Hughes. Both poems foretell an eruption of anger coming from the African-American community.Bishop creates a poem which sounds similar to a song. The bluesy feel created by the structure along with the melancholy contents, form a perfect blues song. The poem chronicles the chaotic events of a colored domestic, who represents the plight of the African-American. Her helpless situation is a result of the vicious poverty cycle which traps African-Americans in permanent despair. Bishop ends the poem by forecasting an African-American uprising. Bishop believes African-Americans can only take so much, soon they will explode. Through Bishops use of simple rhymes, repetition of words and changing syllabic functions, this poem reads less like a typical poem, and more like a blues song.

Songs For a Colored Singer by Elizabeth Bishop Essay -- Colored Singer

Songs For a sorry singer by Elizabeth BishopWhat is a tune but a metrical composition set to medicament? Take away the music from a good meter and the rhythm of the words will create its own musical sound. Songs For a Colored Singer, a meter written by Elizabeth Bishop, is a song without the music. Bishops use of repetitive rhymes creates the lyrical, song homogeneous, construction to her poem. The voice of the song belongs to a menacing woman who encounters adversity finishedout the poem. The sum of the elements, a ghastly woman singing about hard times, equal one distinct style of music, videlicet the vapours. Bishop divides the poem into four parts. Through each part the poem, Bishop uncovers polar aspects of the colored woman. What Bishop reveals is the difficult situations which face underprivileged black citizens in America. Bishops poem has similarities to a song by Billie Holiday, and is linked to a Langston Hughes poem. By development the voice of a colored si nger, Bishop exposes the inequality of early twentieth century African-Americans. Bishop examines the life of a colored domestic woman and portrays the difficult existence through song. Part one of the poem portrays a melancholy domestic who is having trouble with her man, a unadulterated situation for the blue devils. The use of simple rhymes and syllable structure in the send-off stanza forecasts the lyrical tone of the poem. To create a sense of flow, the first and third stanzas have very(a) rhyme patterns, and the second and fourth stanzas also mirror each other. The use of the same line at the end of the second and fourth stanzas, Le Roy, youre earning too overmuch money now, (Part 1. Lines 13 & 26), distinguishes this poem as a song. Rarely are lines repeated in poems, but the use of repetition is prerequisite in songs, because of the need for a chorus. Part one of the poem brings to light the inequality among race and class. Due to the economic conditions of African-Ame ricans, they find themselves working as domestics for much wealthier Caucasians. The singer expresses the difficulty working as a domestic, as she witnesses firsthand the inequalities of the classes, none of these things I can see belong to me (P1 L3-4), she continues to describe in lucubrate the differences between the colored and the whites, they got a lot of closet piazza we got a suit case. (P1, L7-8) The circumstances of the colored singer establish... ... Bishop says curious fruit (P4, L23). Holidays popular song predates the release of Bishops poem by seven years, 1939 and 1946 respectively. Bishops poem seems to have an influence on a famous poem written by Langston Hughes, Dream Deferred. In Hughes poem he eludes to years of African-American fire festering like a fruit, then exploding. The similar themes have-to doe with Bishops poem to Hughes. Both poems foretell an eruption of anger coming from the African-American community.Bishop creates a poem which sounds simila r to a song. The bluesy feel created by the structure along with the melancholy contents, form a perfect blues song. The poem chronicles the chaotic events of a colored domestic, who represents the plight of the African-American. Her helpless situation is a dissolver of the vicious poverty cycle which traps African-Americans in permanent despair. Bishop ends the poem by forecasting an African-American uprising. Bishop believes African-Americans can scarce take so much, soon they will explode. Through Bishops use of simple rhymes, repetition of words and changing syllabic functions, this poem reads less like a typical poem, and more like a blues song. Songs For a Colored Singer by Elizabeth Bishop Essay -- Colored SingerSongs For a Colored Singer by Elizabeth BishopWhat is a song but a poem set to music? Take away the music from a good song and the rhythm of the words will create its own musical sound. Songs For a Colored Singer, a poem written by Elizabeth Bishop, is a song without the music. Bishops use of repetitive rhymes creates the lyrical, song like, structure to her poem. The voice of the song belongs to a black woman who encounters adversity throughout the poem. The sum of the elements, a black woman singing about hard times, equal one distinct style of music, namely the blues. Bishop divides the poem into four parts. Through each part the poem, Bishop uncovers different aspects of the colored woman. What Bishop reveals is the difficult situations which face underprivileged black citizens in America. Bishops poem has similarities to a song by Billie Holiday, and is linked to a Langston Hughes poem. By using the voice of a colored singer, Bishop exposes the inequality of early twentieth century African-Americans. Bishop examines the life of a colored domestic woman and portrays the difficult existence through song. Part one of the poem portrays a melancholy domestic who is having trouble with her man, a classic situation for the blues . The use of simple rhymes and syllable structure in the first stanza forecasts the lyrical tone of the poem. To create a sense of flow, the first and third stanzas have identical rhyme patterns, and the second and fourth stanzas also mirror each other. The use of the same line at the end of the second and fourth stanzas, Le Roy, youre earning too much money now, (Part 1. Lines 13 & 26), distinguishes this poem as a song. Rarely are lines repeated in poems, but the use of repetition is essential in songs, because of the need for a chorus. Part one of the poem brings to light the inequality among race and class. Due to the economic conditions of African-Americans, they find themselves working as domestics for much wealthier Caucasians. The singer expresses the difficulty working as a domestic, as she witnesses firsthand the inequalities of the classes, none of these things I can see belong to me (P1 L3-4), she continues to describe in detail the differences between the colored and th e whites, they got a lot of closet space we got a suit case. (P1, L7-8) The circumstances of the colored singer establish... ... Bishop says curious fruit (P4, L23). Holidays popular song predates the release of Bishops poem by seven years, 1939 and 1946 respectively. Bishops poem seems to have an influence on a famous poem written by Langston Hughes, Dream Deferred. In Hughes poem he eludes to years of African-American anger festering like a fruit, then exploding. The similar themes connect Bishops poem to Hughes. Both poems foretell an eruption of anger coming from the African-American community.Bishop creates a poem which sounds similar to a song. The bluesy feel created by the structure along with the melancholy contents, form a perfect blues song. The poem chronicles the chaotic events of a colored domestic, who represents the plight of the African-American. Her helpless situation is a result of the vicious poverty cycle which traps African-Americans in permanent despair. Bis hop ends the poem by forecasting an African-American uprising. Bishop believes African-Americans can only take so much, soon they will explode. Through Bishops use of simple rhymes, repetition of words and changing syllabic functions, this poem reads less like a typical poem, and more like a blues song.

Global Warming Assignment “Summary” Essay

Global warming what is it? Global warming refers to an average growth in theEarths temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. So whats the big deal youask? Well the big deal is, if temperatures cash advance supra normal levels for a few days, its no big deal, the Earth will stay more or less the same, but if temperatures continue to rise over a longer period of time, then the Earth may experience some serious problemsWhat causes global warming? The Earths standard cash machine contains gases that naturally help to hold in heat, these natural Greenhouse gases keep our atmosphere warmlong after the sun has set and absorb the cheers heat during the day, keeping thetemperature from getting to high. Over the past 100 years, humans have altered thechemical composition of the earths atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases,therefore resulting in Global Warming. Why are greenhouse gas concentrationsincreasing? Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, charm others result from human activities. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide,methane, and nitrous oxide.Certain human activities, add to the levels of most of thesenaturally occurring gases. Carbon dioxide is released when solid waste, fogey fuels (oil,natural gas, and coal), and wood are burned. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills and the raising of livestock. Finally Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities.What are some of the effects, due to global warming? Surface temperatures have increased 1.0C-3C since the late 19th century. The 20th centurys 10warmest yearshave all occurred in the last 15 years of the century. Worldwide precipitation over land has increased by about nonpareil percent and globally, sea level has risen 4-8 inches over the past century. Global warming has also decreased snow cover in the northern hemisphere,and melt down glaciers. Changing regional climate could alter crops yields, water supplies,and forests. It could also affect the health of ecosystems, animals and even humans.

Actual advantages to block csheduling via research studies Essay

A Temple University study engraft that block scheduling had distinct advantages in schoolman achievement. Students who made the honor roll at the three schools studied rose from 22% to 31%. SAT prints rose by an average of 14 points. In addition, the number of detentions declined while student attendance increased (Evans, Tokarczyk and Rice, 2000). Most recently, a 2006 study indicated a variety of advantages to block scheduling. Five Connecticut lavishly schools were studied to determine what, if any, positive outcomes would result.The researchers used test scores and surveys as a means of selective information collection from school guidance counselors, teachers, administrators and students. The study found that gains in mathematics rose signifi nettly oer a two year period, achievement test score averages rose in a statistic eithery significant manner over three years, and PSAT and SAT scores increased within the first three years but then leveled off. (Wilcox, 2006). This stu dy is bingle of the few longitudinal studies available.This study also stressed the importance of time as a factor in determining the success of block scheduling. around tout ensemble of the results which indicated significant differences were shown after two or more years (Wilcox, 2006). Clearly some time is necessary in order for students and teachers to become habituate to the changes. Some of the school studies Wilcox (2006) examined had been operating on a block inscription for as long as ten years. Unfortunately, not all the schools had baseline data for years before the block schedule or had opened with a block schedule.The study further stresses the level of support by the staff can be a determining factor as to the success of any type of block scheduling, which seems to correlate, at least on surface examination of the results, with knowledge procedures and teacher confidence. 2. 2. 4 Actual Disadvantages to Block computer programing via Research Studies A University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill study studied achievement in reading and mathematics of students in a high school which ran a tri-schedule.This schedule consisted of a conventional schedule, a 4 x 4 schedule and hybrid schedules which all operated in the same single school. The NC state mandated tests in reading, language and math were used to determine achievement. For reading and language test results, in that location was no statistically significant difference based on the types of schedules. There was, however, a statistically significant difference in math computation subtest. The traditional schedule saw slightly higher scores in understanding and retention of mathematical computation for tenth grade students.Thus, this study supports the importance of insouciant instruction and contact time to student achievement in mathematics as distinct from other academic skills (Veal and Shreiber, 1999). Another study tested students in the Wilmington area of North Carolina. It, to o, found that students on traditional schedules scored higher on tests of algebra, English, biology and history than did students on a block schedule (Lawrence and McPherson, 2000). 2. 2. 5 Studies that were undetermined in Determining the Efficacy of Block Scheduling in Increasing Academic Achievement.A third North Carolina study, this one undertaken by the Department of humankind Instruction, compared End-Of-Course (EOC) test scores in five areas (English I, Algebra I, Biology I, US History, and Economic, Legal and Political Systems (ELP)). It sample scores from schools that operated on block schedules and on traditional schedules for 1993 to 1996. It mentions at the outset that the first schools to adopt block schedules in NC were those that had lower achievement scores to begin with.These schools scores were adjusted for the purpose of this study. The overall results were inconclusive. Some blocked schools showed some improvement in some years but then lower scores in other ye ars. At present, there are basically no significant differences between groups of blocked and corresponding non-blocked school groups in terms of student performance in state EOC Tests (North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, 1997). pram (2000) conducted a study of students in the Kansas public school system.He focused primarily in math scores with a purpose to see if students math scores would increase from year to year using block vs. traditional scheduling. He found that while the block-scheduled schools did make better percentage gains than the traditional schools, much(prenominal) gain was found to be insignificant when using split-plot analysis of variance. Therefore, there is not a significant measurable difference in the impact of block-scheduling or traditional scheduling on this mathematics assessment (Walker, 2000). A test conducted by the Georgia Department of Education found similar results.This study tested four types of scheduling systems (4 x 4, A/B, hybr id and traditional) among nearly 40,000 students in various GA schools. Students were tested in eight subject areas (9th Grade Literature, American Literature, Algebra, Geometry, Physical Science, Biology, US History and Economics). No significant differences were noted among the scheduling types, but one general comment was made that Algebra scores in all blocked schedules were slightly higher than in traditionally scheduled schools (Domaleski, 2004).This study relied primarily on test score results. In the Spring of 2004 the mean Algebra score for students on block scheduling was 601. 78 which the mean score for those on traditional scheduling was 599. 73. Over 73,000 students were tested and scores analyzed for each. In all the other subject areas, the scores were very nearly the same, and no statistically significant differences were reported (Domaleski, 2004).The reasons for the differences are not clear, but one might extract that schools which adopted block-scheduling early were those with serious problems, behavioral and/or academic and done so as an attempt to create a positive change in those schools. Another reason might be that some schools operated on a hybrid block schedule, so even though a school is designated as a block school, a student may not have taken that particular course in a block format.Another workable limitation to this study is the fact that the Spring 2004 scores were obtained before the decision to count the EOCT as 15% of the students grade. Since the use of the EOCT as an duty assessment likely differed among schools and systems for this administration, it should not be assumed that the motivation of all examinees in each conditions was consisten (Domaleski, 2004) 2. 2. 5 Returns to a Traditional Schedule from Block Scheduling Some districts have returned to a traditional schedule from a block schedule. According to Canaday and Rettig (2003), this change may be premature.In a study of over 200 Virginia schools, some of the reasons for change were less the result of poor academic performance and more a result of the following issues The use of a flawed decision-making process to adopt a block schedule poor preparation for teaching in the block, including insufficient staff development and/or inattention to course pacing unclear goals, overpromising or not meeting promises made and poor scheduling decisions in the adoption phase (Canada and Rettig, 2003). Perhaps planning prior to the death penalty of block scheduling would make the transition run more smoothly.

How to Swim the Freestyle Stroke

Erika Eissler February 18, 2010 How to Swim the Freestyle Stroke The freestyle is also known as the front crawl or the sidestroke. It is used in competitions but in that respect are no real regulations on how it has to be swum. Most bathers choose to swim front crawl during freestyle competition because it is the fastest technique. For individual freestyle competitions, however, a swimmer can use any stroke they want, but during medley competitions they cannot use the breaststroke, butterfly stroke or backstroke.The freestyle stroke involves coordination, runment and breathing. First off, coordination is the key to successfully learning how to swim. Visualize a line running down the warmness of the body from the chin to the chest. This line is the axis upon which the whole body should move, and it should extend horizontally in the direction peerless is swimming. Keep the legs straight with the toes pointed out, and kick up and down. The secret is to continue kicking the entire t ime.Re principal(prenominal) horizontal in the water. A strong kick will keep the legs from sinking behind ones body. The kick should not make a big splash, but rather, should solely churn the get along of the water. Also remember to move the girdles in a windmill motion opposite of each other. While one arm is extended completely out, the other should be all the way back, almost against the side of the body. Keep the hands flat, thumb separated from the index finger and turn of events the extended arm through the water beneath the body.Bend the arm at the elbow and draw the fingertips along the imaginary line down the center of the body. Stretch each stroke out as much as possible without ever pausing from the windmill motion. Most importantly, remember to breathe on one side by turning the head to that side as the arm comes out of the water. After that, lift the other arm out of the water and move it all the way forward as the first arm is pulling beneath the body. Then while bending at the elbow, drag the fingertips along the surface of the water.Penetrate the water with the fingertips and completely extend the arm. As the hands are being pulled through the water, keep them cupped firmly, but not rigidly. Fingers should be held just around apart. These few steps are the basics of learning how to freestyle swim. It is the most basic swim style and is very commonly used. Coordination, movement and breathing are the main factors in learning how to swim. These steps will definitely increase your swimming successfulness.

Four Teaching Strategies That Increase Curiosity in Math Essay

There are many strategies and techniques that could be role in the schoolroom to encourage curiosity in math, but the four I chose to discuss I thought would be the most beneficial. This is due to the way they support auditory, visual, and kinesthetic styles of discloseing. The four strategies teachers could use to encourage curiosity towards mathematics in a classroom acknowledge co-operative nurture, guided or discovery attainment, simulate real life visualizes, and active student learning.These four learning strategies range from radical learning to the use of manipulatives to real life experiences and group discussions where students can share their ideas and thinking processes. Therefore, students would be able to learn in a variety of formats corresponding bear in minding, seeing, taking notes, and by using their hands. The first teaching strategy mentioned is co-operative learning strategy. In which, students can use think-pair-share, peer-tutoring, or group assignment s to work in concert to learn how to solve mathematical equations.The purpose of co-operative learning is that students can benefit from teaching each other, sharing ideas, and clarifying their own thinking processes while working together in groups of two or more than. For instance, teachers can create worksheets or quizzes that are a bit more challenging than the students homework so the students provide need to work as a group to solve all the problems. And, if they all get the same grade than they will be more to likely communicate together, share their work, and ideas with each other to attain the best grade possible.Additionally, since group assignments or activities are based on the need for students to canvass their work and answers with one another, discuss the ways in which they solved an equation, and justify why their answer is right will service of process reinforce what they previously learned, thereby encouraging students to introduce more in group activities an d more inclined to enjoying math. The second teaching strategy involves creating or simulating real life experiences that will help teach a variety of math skills. The purpose of creating real life experiences is to make math more relatable to students.It will also demonstrate how math is utilise in the community and in their lives on a daily basis. This will create more interest in math, since students will puddle a tactual sense of why math is needed. A trade good example of this strategy includes role-playing or dramatic play. The goal is to create real life experiences in which students will need to use their math skills to solve every day problems. For instance, making play currency and having the students go to the market to buy produce is one experience that is a necessity in life.The teacher can ingest the students make a list, create a calculate and have the students buy what they need inwardly their budget. Then, they can pay a cashier and the cashier will whence n eed to oblige back change. Given the age of the students, the teacher may not have a dramatic center, but can then have students work in pairs at their desks. For example, each student creates their shopping list and budget buy their produce on paper, then take turns paying each other with different amounts of currency which the cashier will then need to give them change.The benefit about role playing is it can be all imaginary or done in the class with few a materials, means that with some creativity the teacher can recreate any type of real life experience the students may encounter. Some examples include buying a house, paying utilities, buying a car, going to the movies and paying for the tickets and snacks. The third teaching strategy to create curiosity and understanding toward mathematics in the classroom is to include guided discovery learning or hands on learning.Both types of strategies allows the students to use their hands in different ways, but one uses more direction from the teacher while the other allows the students to discover the learning on their own. The purpose for both is that it allows the students to use hands on materials to discover something on their own thereby taking an abstract concept and turning it into a concrete and tangible concept. Something the students can physically see, touch, and manipulate.For instance, if students are learning about geometry and the different geometric shapes then the teacher can have the students create an art scene using only the shapes they will be learning about in geometry. A good example would be to have the students create a farm scene, in which the shapes represent objects found within our environment, like a rectangle for a tree, a squarely for barn, a triangle for the roof. If the teacher has the students label all their shapes and number of sides then it reinforces their learning of shapes.Plus, it will help them understand that geometric shapes are everywhere and used in many different ways in life. Another way a teacher can incorporate hands on learning is to have the students bake cookies, or mix the dough and have the kitchen staff bake the cookies, if possible. Baking is an excellent way to reinforce the concept of fractions, doubling or halving a recipe, which also helps students understand how fractions can be added or subtracted. The fourth teaching strategy that can increase curiosity in math in the classroom is by creating a student centered learning environment.The purpose of a student centered learning environment is that it allows the students to participate in class discussions, where they listen and share their ideas or their thinking process when solving math equations. This also allows the students to reflect on their own thinking or math skills learned, as sound as, help clarify any misunderstanding or misconceptions about math. For instance, after the introduction of a new skill in math, the teacher can have the students go up to the front of t he class and work the problem on the board.This gives students an opportunity to show the class how they solved the problem and what they were thinking when they solved it. Plus, this creates an opening move for the class to discuss what the student did that was right or wrong, and allows other students to ask questions. In addition, a student centered learning environment gives students the ability to participate in a safe and comfortable environment in which they can express their views, thoughts, ideas, and misconceptions about math thereby maybe encouraging a more positive outlook towards math.The benefit of using the four teaching methods above is that each method will help support visual, auditory, and kinesthetic styles of learning. Thereby, creating and providing a learning atmosphere that will support both multicultural students and students with exceptionalities. For instance, working in co-operative groups allows students to verbally share their ideas with each other an d listen to each other, in addition to taking notes. Role playing also allows verbal interaction while using a tangible manipulative, like play currency.A hands-on learning project like baking cookies requires students to read the recipe, listen to their partners, and use their hands to measure out ingredients whereas, an active learning environment students can have discussions how architectures use math to build skyscrapers, or NASA scientists use it to build space ships. All of which have the ability to support all three learning styles. This is why I feel that these teaching strategies not only create a curiosity in math but support the learning of multicultural students and students with exceptionalities.

God and Man in Dracula Essay

The cycle of assumes produced at Universal Studios in the early 1930s represents, in important ways, the advent and blowup of the twentieth century horror genre. Among the many field of studys introduced in films such as Dracula (1930), The Mummy (1931) and Bride of Frankenstein (1935) is that of God and Man. In this paper, I intend to explore this theme by closely investigating the creation of the bride that takes place near the end of Bride of Frankenstein. Although a variety of narrative codes operating in this scene illuminate the films meaning, it is the fine line between God and Man that deserves critical scrutiny.The creation of the bride scene opens up with the kites being released into the oncoming storm in expect of catching the electricity from a lightening bolt. We thusly burn up to a low angle shot of Frankenstein running down the stairs towards the laboratory. After attain the bottom, he runs to a giant electrical machine, the view tilted so as to give the feelin g of anticipation as he holds the switch and bites his lip. Dr. Pretorius is shown from a low angle, with light splayed across his face and grisly machines looming in the endorseground giving him an almost god-like status.The next shot is a high-angle shot of Dr. Frankenstein, making it wait like hes cowering in submission, a slave to Dr. Pretorius. With various close-ups of machines crackling and sparking with electricity, we again come upon Frankenstein, looking around, waiting to throw the switch that would lead astray the process to start life in the dead. By this time he has fully accepted the fact that he is a part of this great misdeed. We then come to an extreme close-up of Frankensteins face, underlighting of his face, a serious look on his face like he knows he is meddling with the work of God.Dr. Pretorius then runs to the tetrad large switches and dramatically clicks them on in a shower of sparks (a close-up of the switches hitting their connectors reveals a shower of sparks). A close-up of his face disappears when an electric explosion occurs right so-and-so his head, illuminating the screen. His face reappears looking down upon the creation, wanting it to come alive, disregarding the fact that he is going against God and nature in his actions. Machines crackling and sparks agile from various angles, briefly looking at Dr. Frankensteins face again. A tilted shot of Dr.Frankenstein gives the impression that hes lying down on the machine, trying eagerly to look at the reaction of the body. Cut to a close-up looking up at Dr. Pretorius, then back to Dr. Frankenstein with a top-view, going back to the master/slave relationship between the two. Explosions rock the laboratory, smoke travel to the chapiter in showers of spark. An eye-level full shot of the laboratory reveals arcing electric bolts and sparks showering the tables with fire. We then suck up a low-angle view of Dr. Frankenstein which then changes to a high-angle view as he yells up wards, its coming up His gloves and white jacket, coupled with the pale make-up and dark lips gives him an almost sinister look. The body then ascends the wall of the laboratory, the camera placed about halfway up the wall and follows it all the way till it passes by and reaches the top. After seeing part of the contraption disappear through the roof, we cut to a extremely long shot of the whole tower with the machine rising above the roof, after which the camera cuts to a full shot of the body being hooked up to various wires by Dr. Pretorius workers. The most critical parade of shots then occurs the moment before life is given to the body.The camera cuts back to the lab with an aerial close-up of Dr. Frankenstein who has shadows cast across his face from underlighhting. The same for Dr. Pretorius as we cut back and forth between the two. As the shots go back and forth, the lighting on their faces gets gradually brighter making their eyes seem to sink back into their heads and dis appear, divergence only empty sockets. This plays into the theme that they are no longer controlled by God or nature, but by evil. The section ends with Frankenstein appearing on the roof after awakening from his slumber.

Crime Today Essay

We finish all see some logic in this type of action as money can cause a machineve up of mayhem, and its especially bad for people who dont have any. Many people can recognize being poor and yearning for a better life. However, most of us do not act out in criminal ways in order to get ourselves out of monetary hardship. In contrast, think roughly the guy who just last week went into that school and killed 20 children and 5 adults for really no reason at all. cryptograph can grasp any reason at all why someone would or even could do some intimacy so gruesome and evil.It just doesnt make sense. So why is it that crime seems so bad today than in the past. Well, I would have to say heavy population increases dont help. All of the technological advancements only make it easier for us to see all the bad news. I think that some people knowing that the media is going to phone out their names all over the newspapers and televisions is an incentive to criminals who want to be, I guess you could say known for something. Crime has always existed, since the beginning of age. Its to the highest degree like its human nature.Nevertheless, is America falling into a trap where crime is normal? As our prison systems grow, are we allowing crime to grow to play the gaps, or is it the other way around? My personal opinion is that we in fact are. Did you know that when Americas crime rates declined steadily for about a decade and a half, thatthe United States still had the most car thefts, the most rapes and the most murders in the human being the United States still had the most car thefts, the most rapes and the most murders in the world (Economic Collapse, 2012). What does that say about us?In addition, even though the United States has the largest prison systems in the entire world (and we win by a large margin), we can see that there are still thousands or criminals reaching havoc on the streets of America any day. There are some places that are still showing a slig ht decline in crime rates however, others are showing an august rate of crime increases. What is the answer to all of this? Im not sure if anybody really knows. In addition to all of this, is this recent economic downturn going to turn more people into criminals? Probably so, and we dont know how to fix it.We can only build so many prisons, and we can only afford so many police officers. Billions are spent in America and around the world each year combating crime, building prisons, gainful for police and legal costs involved with crime, delinquency and other related problems, but the problem continues. Its a never ending battle. Another thing is that a myriad of excuses and justifications for criminal behavior have replaced the principle that everyone, including the criminal, is fully responsible for his actions. Every criminal has a reason why they did what they did.Well, my parents abused me when I was little I have psychological issues, etc. When does it end? Although, I do ag ree with this point a little bit. I do desire that poverty does increase crime. Now Im by no means saying that just because people grow up poor that gives them the honorable to act out in criminal behavior, or that just because someone grew up wealthy means that they wont resort to crime. I am just saying that I can see how the way we were brought up and the things we have experienced can create different reactions to things in life.After all, its our experiences in life that shape who we are as a person. There are so many different aspects or crime and crime tone down that I can get into, from a no-fault society to gun control. However, none of this stuff seems to really make a difference, so maybe its time to get together and come up with a different plan. Obviously, what we are doing as a country is not working. References The Economic Collapse. (2012). Is Crime Making a Comeback? Retrieved from http//theeconomiccollapseblog. com/archives/is-crime-making-a-comeback-12-crime-st atistics-that-make-you-wonder-what-is-happening-to-america/

Xyzw

We have traversed a patched have dared. We are continuing on a upliftedwayetically fewer have the courage to fol petty(a). Huntresses a path theyve fewer can dreamt pursue-Yet hummus, because we holdouts the alms eyeteeth nations dairy farmers by our side we can non fail Let us therefore resolve that however fulfilling our first twenty five forms have been, in the next twenty five years we will trans induce the lives of zillions more, opening theme door to an India thats the land four dreams.DRP. Preshrinking Chairman,Guajarati-operative Maltreating Federation crosswise India, all overrunning, millions wake up to the taste of sled, the flagship tag pee-pee for a variety adulterously commercialiseed bathe Gujarat Co-operative Maltreating Federation (da Gamma). One could start the daybed boiling (as Is the conventional Indian pract wish-wash) one of the different varieties of liquidness milk supplied In pouches and making ones morning tea resource.If one preferred use skim of fer, one could r separately for the Malay creamer the shelf. For the breakfast, butter the toasts with Maul regular butter or, if you are calorie conscious, with Maul Elite butter. Drink a cup of Maul coffee tree milk. set sandwiches with one of the different varieties of Maul chessman take them the off frosting add Maul ghee (clarified butter) to ones dishes for lunch cook your lunch with a currycombing Maul panderer bungalow lay off and have a sweet dish made from Maul gulag jamming.If it is a hot day,have an Maul ice cream and when you return home by and by the office relax with tea or coffee, whitened with Malay creamer or Maul milk. If you are a pizza pie fan, bake a pizza and top it with Maul mozzarella cheese, and functionality for the Dewitt a glass of warm Maul milk. In India, Maul wasnt merely of the most well known brands, headway of Coca skunk or Pepsi, and even ahead of age old brandish as Dale, Lifebuoy and Lug, but a lifespan style range of products, consumed In commemorators by a large number of Indians of different incommoded social strata.da Gamma was the sole commercializeing berth the products produced bathe different milk cooperative component societies of the secern of Gujarat ( hold in Exhibit 1 for a brief none on Gujarat and Exhibits for a map of India congratulates) and for those of separate press outs marketings products beneath the Maul brand name. There was no doubt that from the time of its instauration in 1973, GAMMA was a great success story, as indeed was the co-operative movement in the milk sector initiated and carried to great heights by the milkman of India, DRP. Verges Current.But as on the year 2000, GAMMA was faced with a question of whether it should stick to Its core handicraftes dairy products, or diversify Into other products, In particular Into processed foods much(prenominal) as Jams, sauces and fruit Juices. Historical Background of GAMMA In the asses,in the zone of Karri in the cite figurate , India, a unique experiment hat time, In Proofreader. S. Incriminatory the purpose ofclassroomdiscussion. Copyrighted bathe author. Not be copied roused without authoritarianisms. Not be used outside MA. The author wishes outscores his gratitude to DRP.V. Current, Chairman, GAMMA, Mr.. B. M. Was, Managing conductor, GAMMA and the other acquisitivenesss for providing access and entropy needed perpetrate case. The author besides wishes thank the Research and Publicationscommittee, MA for providing support for heartr endpointly version fifths case. Gujarat, milk was procured from farmers by occult milk contractors and y a private company, Polygons Dairy in And, the headquarters of the zone. The company had a virtual stranglehold on the farmers, deciding the costs both of the procured as well as the wander milk.Polygons Dairy chilled the milk and supplied it to the city of Bombay. It in addition extracted dairy products such(prenominal)(prenominal) as cheese and butter. In 1946, under inspiration from a leading freedom fighter, Mr.. Bilharzias genus Patella (who belonged to Gujarat and who later became the Home Minister of the Central Government), Mr.. Tribunals Patella, a local farmer, freedom fighter and social worker, organized the farmers into co-operatives. These co-operatives would procure milk from the farmers, process the milk and shell out it in Gujarat and in Bombay. In 1949, purely by chance, a dairy engineer, named DRP.Verges Current, who had meet completed his studies in dairy engineering in the U. S. A. , came to India and was posted by the Government of India to a Job at the Dairy Research Institute at And. A chance meeting between DRP. Current and Mr.. Tribunals Patella changed DRP. Currents life and the course of Indians dairy industry. Though the purpose of this meeting was to simply to elicit some technical help from DRP. Current on commissioning some of the equipment Just purchased by his co-operative, especially the demoralize and b espattering equipment, the deuce men instantly struck a rapport.After the commissioning problem was solved, DRP. Currents involvement with the Karri District Co-operative Milk Producers Union control (that was the name of the co- operative registered) grew proverbially and it concisely extended to the big sociological issues involved in organizing the farmers into co-operatives and running these cooperatives effectively. He ob get alongd the exploitation of farmers by the private milk annotators and Polygons Dairy and understood how co-operatives could transform the lives of the members.At first, the main activity was collection and processing of the milk brought every(prenominal)day by the member farmers to the local office of the co- operative. It was soon realized that it was not enough to merely act as the collection and careing agents for the farmers. A variety of support services were required to enable the farmers to extend selling their milk of adequate quality and to avoid disasters such as death of their cows (for a family owning Just one or two cattle and pending on its milk for their income, death of cattle could indeed be a disaster).The farmers were progressively given new services such as ex-serviceman care for their cattle, supply of cattle feed of good quality, education on better feeding of cattle and facilities for artificial insemination of their cattle 2 . All these were strictly on payment basis none of the services were free. This experiment of organizing farmers into co-operatives was one of the most successful experienced prosperity on a scale they could not have dreamt often years earlier, since with good monetary values gainful for their milk, raising mulch cattle could becomes good planetary source of revenue to many households.The co-operatives were expanded to span more and more areas of Gujarat and in each area, a meshing of local village train co-operatives and district level co-operatives were formed on a exemplar similar to that at And (the so called And pattern). Karri District Cooperative Milk Producers Union became better known by the brand name of the products marketed by it (Maul) than by the name of the co-operative itself. Maul meant priceless in Sanskrit. It was besides a word that was easy to pronounce, easy to remember and that carried a wholly positive connotation. This became the flagship brand for all the dairy products made by this Union.In 1954, Karri District Co-operative Milk Producers Union built a plant to convert surplus milk produced in the cold seasons into milk gunpowder and butter 3 . In 1958, a plant to manufacture cheese and one to produce baby food were added. Subsequent years saw the extension of more plants to produce different products. In 1973, the milk societies/district level unions decided to set up a marketing agency to market their products. This agency was the GAMMA. It was registered as a co-operative society on 9 July 1973 4 It had, as its members (ordinary touch holders), the district level milk unions.No individual could become a stockholder in GAMMA. Starting from a daily procurement of 250 liters per day in 1946, GAMMA had become a milk giant with the milk procurement at about 4 million liters per day by 1999 with 12 dairy plants all over the State of Gujarat. The Structure of the And Pattern The most important characteristic of the milk co-operative system of Gujarat that evolved was that they were run not by a separate bureaucracy with its own vested interests, but by the member-farmers themselves, with all the major decisions macrocosm taken by he latter alone.Any farmer could become a member by committing to supply a genuine quantity of milk for a certain number of days in a year and would continue to be a member only if he kept up this commitment. all(prenominal) day, the farmers (or, actually, in most cases, their wives and daughters) would bring their milk to the village collection centers where the milk would be checked for the quantity in full view of all, and the quality (the fat content) would be checked through a simple hydrometer, again in full view of all. The farmers would be paid in the evening for the milk applied by them in the morning, and in the morning for the evening milk.This presentiments in cash was a great attraction to the farmers who were usually cash starved. Thanks to the above mechanism, there were no disputes regarding quantity or quality of the milk supplied by each farmer. The co-operative system formed under the so-called And pattern had a three-tiered structure (Exhibit 3). At the creation was the village level dairy co-operative society. This was composed of the milk producers, mostly residents of the same area, who had Joined the co-operative society. A typical membership figure would be about 200. A managing committee, of Chairperson.Care was taken to ensure that these meetings were held, and seen to be held, in an open and transparent manner. The next le vel was at the district, and this co-operative (called unions) had, as its members, the village dairy co-operative societies within the district, represented by the Chairpersons of the village level societies. For this co-operative, a calling card footrests, consisting of 12 persons, was elected from among the members (I. E. , the Chairpersons of the village level co- operatives), with its own Chief Executive, called the Managing Director.The third bevel was at the State, where the cooperative (GAMMA in Gujarat) was formed with district level milk unions (and certain other milk unions from other states) as members. The State level organization was called the Federation. The Board of Directors of the Federation consisted of the Chairpersons of the district level cooperatives as the members, and in addition, the following ex officiousness 1 . The Registrar of Co-operatives of the State concerned. 2. A representative from the subject Dairy Development Board (ENDS), which was a body c reated by the Government of India to replicate the And pattern in the otherStates of India. 3. One nominated technical expert. 4. The Managing Director (CEO) of the State level federation. GAMMA was the State level federation for Gujarat. Broadly, the village level co-operatives did the procurement the district level did the transportation and processing and the Federation marketed the product. The Federation also handled strategic planning and investment. Each of the levels had a substantial amount of autonomy. For example, the village level societies decided entirely on their own, as to who should be admitted as a member, and what price the farmers should be paid for their milk.Thus the prices aid to farmers by different village societies in the State could be, and in fact were different. The district level unions purchased milk from the village level societies and decided what price tollhouse pay for the milk supplied by the village level societies. They, in turn, supplied milk t o the State level Union, which decided what price it would pay the district unions. The price paid to all the district unions was the same. In this system, GAMMA planned what products it would sell and arrange to manufacture for each year and how much.Milk products were produced at different factories all over the State. These were owned by the district unions. There were, for example, six butter factories and seven milk powder factories in Gujarat. GAMMA did not heaviest own factories as such until recently, when it had set up a dairy at Changing near Mohammedan, the capital of Gujarat State. There was a committee, called the Programming Committee, which consisted of (I) Managing Director of GAMMA (it) Managing Directors of the Distinctions (iii) Their Head, tonicity Control, GAMMA and (iv) Head, Finance, GAMMA.Discomfited finally decided the product mix for the coming year, based on the plans made by GAMMA, and translated the Lana into monthly allocations for each union for the m ilk to be supplied. As on April 2000, there were 10,800 village level co-operatives in Gujarat under the GAMMA umbrella with 2. 1 million milk producers. Out of districts in Gujarat, there were district level unions in 12 districts 5 A pattern similar to the And pattern had been built in other States in India also. This was do under a programmer launched by the Government offload, under the title Operation Flood.The accomplishment was co-ordinate by National Dairy Development Board (ENDS), a body formed by the Government of India with this objective. DRP. Current was the Chairperson of the ENDS and the main moving force behind this programmer. As on April 2000, there were 22 State federations in India, with 170 district level unions, 72,774 village level societies and 9. 31 million milk producer members in the different States. Each of the State level federations marketed their own brands. Maul was the brand marketed by GAMMA. Vagina was the brand name marketed bathe federation in the State of Andorra Pradesh.Interestingly, the State level federations could market their own products under their own brands anywhere in India, thus competing against heir sister federations. Thus GAMMA could market its Maul brand butter in Andorra Pradesh competing with Vagina butter. It was believed by the officials of the National Dairy Development Board that such competition was healthy and would curb monopolistic tendencies. Objectives and Business Philosophy of GAMMA The main stakeholder of GAMMA was the farmer member for whose welfare, the GAMMA executives felt, it existed.Thus in an interesting reply, the Managing director of GAMMA, Mr.. B. M. Vass, told the case writer Unlike other organizations, our objective is not maximize our profit. After all, the rammers themselves are the owners of the Federation. We are restricted, by our bye- laws, to braggy a maximum of 12 percent on the peptidase capital as the dividend. So we are more interested in giving the best price for the farmers for their milk than in making a large profit. Thus we look at the price given to our suppliers as not a cost but as an objective.GAMMA had, as its main objective, carrying out activities for the economic development of agriculturists by efficiently organizing marketing of milk and dairy produce, veterinary medicines, vaccines and other animal health products, agricultural produce in raw and/or processed form and other allied produce 6 . This was to be done through Common branding Centralized marketing Centralized quality control Centralized purchases and Pooling of milk efficiently.GAMMA had declared, as its business philosophy, the following 7 To serve the interests of milk producers To provide quality products that offer the best value to consumers for money spent. The biggest strength of GAMMA was the trust it had created in the minds of its consumers regarding the quality of its products. GAMMA, and its brand Maul, explained Mr.. Vass, stood for guaranteed pur ity of whatsoever products it had such trust was hardtop come by, this could provide a central anchor for Gammas future business plans, said Mr.. Was.Organization Structure of GAMMA (See Exhibit 4) GAMMA was a lean organization, which their executives believed led to a cost advantage. At its headquarters in the town of And, three oecumenical managers and two assistant global Managers assisted the Managing Director (or the Chief Executive). The three General Managers looked after the functions of Marketing, Human Resource Development (HARD) and Quality Assurance. The General Manager (Marketing) was in charge of the whole marketing operation of the dairy products, liquid milk and ice cream.This General Manager was assisted by one Assistant General Manager (Marketing, Dairy Products) 8 and Managers (Commercial), (Exports) and (Liquid Milk). The General Manager (HARD) also looked after edible oils, administration, legal matters and new opportunities. The whole country was divided in to five zones, each headed by a Zonal Manager responsible for the sales of all the products under his zone. They reported to the Chief Executive (Managing Director), but functionally each ported also to the various Assistant General Managers/General Managers at the headquarters. Ender the zonal managers were the branch managers. Generally there were three product managers in each branch reporting to the branch manger one each for the edible oil, dairy products and ice cream. They were assisted by sales officers and field salesperson. There were 48 sales offices spread over the country (of which only two were in Gujarat). The entire country had been represented in this structure. GAMMA had one overseas office, at Dublin. GAMMA had links with the Institute of Rural Management, And (IRMA), a postmortem management institute set up to produce Mambas who would work in rural areas.GAMMA attracted a number of its managers from the IRMA graduates, as well as from other business schools in I ndia, although not from its premier management schools. The salaries offered by GAMMA were decent, but nowhere near those offered bathe private sector, especially multi-national corporations. The gap between the salaries that could be offered by organizations such as GAMMA and the salaries expected by graduates from business schools was increasing in recent years. GAMMA executives, in interviews with the case writer, did not see this as a major robber.They stated that GAMMA in any case had never relied on talent from top business schools, since the graduated form these schools would not fit with the culture and value systems in the company. The Managing Director, Mr.. B. M. Vass was of the view that GAMMA offered excellent prospects for growth and Job satisfaction, and it would not find it difficult to attract desirable talent 9 GAMMA had an extensive sales and distribution system and a cold chain network starting from the milk producer and ending at the eventual consumer. It had a dealer network of 3600 dealers and 400,000 retailers, one of the largest such outworks in India.A cold chain had been established that linked all these dealers could ensure chilling of milk Quick transportation to the district Union facilities where the milk could be further chilled and dispatched to the consumers or to the processing units for conversion into milk products Chilled trucks which could transport the milk products such as butter and cheese in refrigerated condition from the factories Local chilling of milk to ensure its quick distribution to the customers through a network of trucks in many cities so that most consumers could have their milk cachets by 6 A. M. F not earlier Deep freezers and refrigeration equipment in the dealers exposit to keep the products cold and prevent their deterioration and Facilities in super markets and even larger retail stores to keep the products fresh. GAMMA had excellent relationships with what could be called super markets in Ind ia (actually these were Just large departmental stores) which stocked their products, especially cheese, butter, milk powder, sweets and, in some cases, milk. Diversification Moves by GAMMA Even at the time of its formation, GAMMA had three major products in its portfolio quid milk, butter and milk powder.Gradually, many new products were added to its range, largely milk derivatives. In milk alone, it sold full cream milk, semi toned milk, and fully toned milk, all with different names and in readily identifiable pouches. By reducing the fat, it could not only sell separately fat derivatives such as cream and butter (which were also products that yielded a higher(prenominal) margin), but also make the resultant milk functional at cheaper prices, so that poorer people also could consume milk.It had undertaken a unique experiment in the asses to supply milk to places as ar away as Delhi and Calcutta through insulated rail tankers, and this was so successful that it had continued sinc e then. In the asses, GAMMA introduced its cheddar cheese and in 1983, a cheese spread. In the same year, it entered also the sweet market (milk based) through the introduction of Maul Shrinking, a sweetish sour item produced by milk and curd (a form of yogurt). Malay, a dairy bleaching agent was introduced and was priced on a lower floor the prevailing brands and soon became the market leader.In asses, GAMMA introduced a whole lot of new products a condensed milk called Maul Imitate Maul Elite, a low fat, low cholesterol spread utter, and Maul ice cream. After 1996, it went on to introduce a still greater variety of products pizza (mozzarella) cheese, cheese slice, cheese powder, Mali pander(a form of cottage cheese), gulag Cajun(a sweet primer to be processed by deep frying to make a sweet called gulag Cajun), buttermilk, a chocolate based broadleaved Intramural and chocolates. In 1996, GAMMA launched its Maul brand ice cream. Naiads ice cream market was estimated to be around RS I. 8 billion in the year 2000. GAMMA launched its ice creams in fourteen flavors in the city of Iambi and the State of Gujarat. It was priced at about 30 percent less than the prevailing prices, and it also emphasized that it was fully vegetarian, I. E. , it did not contain any gelatin. This was an important attribute tomato plant consumers in Gujarat, which was a predominantly vegetarian state. In less than a year, Maul ice cream commanded a share of about 55 percent in Gujarat and 30 percent in Iambi 10 had reached 30 percent.In 1997, GAMMA also scored a major achievement when it managed to get some of the co-operatives in the other States of the country, trying to launch their own ice cream brands, to sell all their ice creams under the Maul brand name. This enabled Comfit leverage the capacity of more than 180 co-operatives in the country, with a milk procurement of more than 11 million liters per day, and located close to the markets 1 1 In addition, it also diversified into n on-milk products. The most important of this diversification was into edible oils in 1988.At that time, the prices of edible oils were being manipulated by oil traders with the result that the prices were shooting up to unacceptable levels. Even though oil seed growers co-operatives existed, most of them were run badly and losing money. Edible oils have of all time been a very sensitive abject in India,leading to even fall of governments. Hence the government persuaded ENDS to arrange for procurement of clean, unadulterated groundnut oil and sell it through its own outlets. Thus it was essentially a market intervention operation.Besides, this provided ENDS to reorganize the groundnut farmers co- operatives as it had done with milk producing farmers four decades earlier. Gujarat was the right State for this experiment, since more than 60 percent of the country groundnut oil mathematical product was accounted for by Gujarat. GAMMA marketed this oil on behalf ENDS. GAMMA launched a ne w brand, named Dharma (literally content low), not wanting to carry over the Maul brand name which was deeply associated in the public mind with milk derivatives. Outsold its oil on a platform of absolute purity, a claim it could Justifiably make.Since much of the edible oil in India was (and continues to be) adulterated, purity could be a differentiating factor. It also coined a slogan, Dharma, shut down Dharma, meaning, literally, flow, pure flow. The launch was also supported by an advertising campaign with a catchy Jingle. Later, mustard and certain other oils were also marketed under the Dharma brand name. Even though the IL traders fought backbiter and often violently, and used their political connections to the full, Dharma was able toehold its own and became the leading brand of packaged edible oils.However, it must be said datelining in edible oils was found to be a far more difficult task as compared to dealing in milk, and the success achieved in organizing groundnut fa rmers into co-operatives was limited. In the late asses, GAMMA undertook distribution of fruit based products on behalf of ENDS. This was done under yet another brand name introduced by GAMMA Sofas (literally meaning fruitful, having achieved). Under this name hereunder a mango rink sold under attracted (also in small mall. Sizes to be served in aircraft), tomato ketchup, and a mixed fruit Jam.In fact, the launches of all these products were completed during a single year, 1998-99. The success of these products was very limited as on the year 2000. By the year 2000, the range of products marketed GAMMA was truly wide three varieties of milk, flavored milk, buttermilk, four varieties family powder, two varieties of butter, five varieties of cheese, two varieties of ghee clarified butter), chocolates, chocolate drink, sweets, ice cream, edible oils and fruit and veggie based rodents. Exhibit 5 gives the product portfolio of GAMMA as on the year 2000. At the Iambi.Except in ice creams , chocolate and chocolate-based beverages, Maul brand was the market leader in each and every one of its products. Exhibit 5 also shows the market shares of the various products of GAMMA. Its main sources of competitive advantage were seen its executives as (I) low costs due to the elimination of middle men, a lean organization and relatively lower pay scales as compared to Macs (it) its scale and scope of operations and (iii)its toughened brand name which stood for purity and laity. Out of the add up procurement of 4. 6 million liters of milk per day by GAMMA, about 2. Million liters were sold as liquid milk and the rest as milk products. The milk consumption in India in 1999 at about 225 grams per day was still way below that in developed countries, and even less than in many developing countries. The variation in availability between rural and urban areas was strikingly high 121 grams vs.. 400 grams per day. Thus there was a need and scope for increasing the consumption of milk in its liquid form, especially in rural areas, although for every rupee spent, the attrition value of milk was way below other high protein and fat items, both vegetarian and non-vegetarian.It was expected that by the year 2011-12, the milk production in India would reach 180. 76 million tons, and the per capita consumption would be about 547 grams 12 . Exports were negligible about RSI. 271 million in 1999-2000 13 Out of Gammas total income of RSI. 18 billion, approximately RSI. 2. 75 billion was accounted for by sale of liquid milk about RSI. 3 billion by the sale of edible oils RSI. 4 billion by butter about RSI. 2. 4 billion by ice creams and the rest by the other products. The exact breakup of these products was not available.The share of processed fruits and vegetable items was still quite small. The growth rates of Gammas sales in differentiates were quite different. The following table gives the approximate growth rates in these segments Table 1 Growth rates in Gammas Busin esses (Percent) 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Liquid milk procurement 24. 6 3. 8 3. 6 Liquid milk N. A. 14 10 Butter 27 8 13 Cheese N. A. 37 39 Ghee 41 31 N. A. Milk powder 0 0 18 crank cream N. A. 100 100 Edible oils 13 20 18 (N. A. Stands for not applicable). Source GAMMA Annual reports.The profit margin in milk was generally low, due to the need to keep down the price of this essential commodity, which was also consumed by the poor and the lower of milk consumption, especially by the poorer people, and hence to achieve its objective, GAMMA endeavored to keep the price of liquid milk as low as it could. Edibles were also low margin items, their sales prices being controlled rigidly by the government and input prices being essentially set by the oil traders. In the words of Mr.. Current, they were in this business due to larger societal considerations than for the sake of profits.Competition in Different Products The nature of competition varied among the different products. In the case of liquid milk, competition was from private dairies and contractors. There was also competition from newly emerging private dairies that had started supplying milk to the consumers as well as sweet makers. There was intense competition for the supply of milk, which was seek after, especially in the festival seasons, by the sweet makers who derived large profits from the sale of their sweets. Consumers were generally not very particular about the brand of liquid milk, so that the sales pended to a large extent on dealer push.However, there was scope to establish differentiation through appraising the customers of the quality not only of the initial milk itself, but also the quality of the supply chain, which ensured the stability of milk. For butter and cheese, new entrants were making their mark. Britannic, a firm engaged in manufacture and sale of biscuits, had entered into foods business, and more particularly in milk and milk related products such as butter. Britannic had intro duced new forms of cheese such as cheddar cheese slices, and supported its rodents with extensive advertising campaigns.It was believed that advertisements played a powerful roller the demand for particular brands of butter and cheese. The sweet market was passing fragmented, heterogeneous small time local operators producing their own brands and unbranded forms of sweets. The sales of sweets soared in the festival seasons, drawing milk supply by offering higher prices. Other food companies such as Hindustan Lever Ltd. (HALL), a subsidiary of Milliners, and Nestle had also entered into the business of cook made or near ready sweets (such s gulag Cajun, which Just needed tube deep fried to get it ready).Branded ready or near ready sweets were advertised and heavily promoted through campaigns such as through mail orders to housewives. The ice creams market was an emerging marketing India, witnessing the entry of numerous players. The national scene was dominated bandstand Lever with its Quality and Walls brands, accounting for about 45 percent of the market. GAMMA was the other national player, with about 30 percent of the market. There were, in addition, very powerful regional players such as Vidalia Ice Creams in the WesternIndia who commanded substantial (in excess of 30 percent) of the regional market shares. Ice creams were largely promoted through local promotions, hoardings (billboards) and advertisements. About ice creams, Mr.. Vass said in an interview with the case writer In ice creams, positioning and promotions are not the only things. Indian ice cream market is likely to expand very rapidly. The Indian consumerism changing. They will not Just stick to milk. Ice creams will no longer be made at home. A large number of consumers with disposable incomes will seek value added products, including ice

Project manager for a Cable Planning Essay

As the project manager for a Cable Planning team, I go out manage the creation of the cable plan for a tender(a) building that give be built, with construction set to begin in six weeks. My first designate in creating a Cabling Plan is to develop an Executive Summary that will contain the Project foundation garment and Infrastructure Cable Specifications and warnings. My manager gave me the overall project plan that includes A detailed description of the new building, including the total number of com indueers for all of the employees of the company. Also the server and mesh topology topology hardware that is required to put the system together.Cable Standards and CodesANSI/NEMA Standards Publication No. WC 66-cc1Performance Standard for Category 6 and Category 7 100 Ohm Shielded and Unshielded Twisted Pair CablesANSI/transient ischemic attack/EIA-526-7Measurement of Optical Power bolshy of Installed Single-Mode Fiber Cable readyANSI/TIA/EIA-526-14AOptical Power Loss Measur ements of Installed Multimode Fiber Cable PlantBICSI TDMMTelecommunications Distribution Methods Manual, 11th EditionCENELEC EN 501732000 and amendmentsInformation Technology Generic Cabling SystemsIEC/TR3 61000-5-2 Ed. 1.0 and amendmentsElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC) place 5 Installation and mitigation guidelines Section 2 Earthing and cablingISO/IEC 118012002 Ed 2.0 and amendmentsInformation technology Generic cabling for customer premisesNFPA70 National Electric Code Article 645 and Article 800 2.2.15. NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, 2004 Edition 2.2.16. NFPA 75 Standard for the Protection of Information Technology Equipment, 2003 Ed.Building Standards and CodesANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1, ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2, ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.3, and addenda Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1 General Requirements Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 2 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components (December 2003) C ommercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 3 Optical Fiber Cabling and Components StandardANSI/TIA/EIA-569-B and addendaCommercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and SpacesANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A and addendaAdministration Standard for the Telecommunications Infrastructure of Commercial BuildingsNFPA 76Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities, 2005 EditionANSI-J-STD-607-A and addendaCommercial Building Grounding and Bonding Requirements for TelecommunicationsProject Materials fibreoptic Design Considerationsa)We will be utilizing fiber optics in various ways. We will be crafting thebackbone, and riser runs with fiber optic cables.Basement Server Complex Designa)The server will have a network capacity that exceeds the 110 people/computers in the basement. One computer per person. b)We will touch each of these computers to the paries outlet with standard Cat6 patch cables. c)Risers and backbones will be constructed with fiber optic cables. d)Horizontal runs with utilize Cat6 cabling.e)We will fate 5 Cisco WS-C3750 G-24PS-S24 Ports catalyst switches to maintain the minimum standard of having 4 ports free on each switchStandard Floor Designa)The network capacity of this design is to exceed 200 people/computers. One computer per person. b)I will patch each of these computers to the wall outlet with standard Cat6 patch cables. c)Risers and backbones will be constructed with fiber optic cables. d)Horizontal runs with utilize Cat6 cabling.e)I will need 10 Cisco WS-C3750 G-24PS-S24 Ports catalyst switches to maintain the minimum standard of having 4 ports free on each switch.Fiber-Optic Characteristicsa)SC connectors will be used to terminate optical cables.Bandwidtha)The hardware we are installing will have a speed of 1Gbps.Attenuationa)I will use special tools to test for attenuation as the project progresses, and renew accordingly. Electromagnetic Immunitya)I will periodically test for interference.Link Pe rformance Analysisa)I will order of business periodic tests to verify performance, and bandwidth speeds.Cable Transmission Performancea)I will test for inconsistencies in transmissions sent and received. tie and Connector Performancea)I will test each termination and connector to ensure it meets or exceeds the evaluate standards.Power Budgeta)I will calculate each devices power requirement, to ensure adequate power is provided. b)I will use energy efficient methods, which will not sacrifice performance, but ensure that utility cost do not exceed the budget. Standard floor layout

Morality and Respect Essay

Respect Respect has great importance in commonplace life. As children we argon taught to take to be our parents, teachers, and elders, family and cultural traditions, other peoples feelings, our countrys rowlock and leaders. And we do tend to value these things when we grow older, we may shake our heads at people who seem non to fox square uped to comply them. We develop the tendency to look on only those who are popular. We may similarly come to believe that, at some level, all people are worth(predicate)ful of love. We may learn that jobs and relationships become unbearable if we receive no evaluate in them.Calls to mention veritable things are progressively part of public life environmentalists exhort us to admiration nature, foes of abortion and capital punishment assert on respect for human life, members of racial and ethnic minorities and those discriminated against because of their gender, sexual orientation, age, religious beliefs, or economic location de mand respect two as hearty and incorrupt equals and for their cultural differences. We may learn both that our lives together go better when we respect the things that deserve to be respected and that we should respect some things individually of devotions of how our lives would go.We may besides learn that how our lives go depends e truly bit as much on whether we respect ourselves. The value of vanity may be something we back take for granted, or we may discover how very primal it is when our pride is threatened, or we lose it and have to work to regain it, or we have to difference to develop or maintain it in a hostile environment. Some people find that at long last being able to respect themselves is what matters most ab bust getting off welfare, kicking a nauseous habit, or defending something they value others, sadly, discover that life is no longer worth living if presumption is irretrievably lost.It is part of everyday wisdom that respect and self-worth are d eeply connected, that it is difficult if non impossible both to respect others if we dont respect ourselves and to respect ourselves if others dont respect us. It is increasingly part of political wisdom both that un entirely social institutions put forward devastatingly damage self-respect and that robust and resilient self-respect can be a potent force in struggles against injustice. 1. The thought of Respect In the process of understanding respect thither a few questions that come to intellect (1) How can respect be understood?(a) What category of thing is it? (b) What are the elements of respect? (c) To what other forms is respect similar to, and with what does it contrast? (d) What beliefs, berths, emotions, motives, and conduct does respect involve, and with what is it incompatible? (2) What are the appropriate rejects of respect? (3) What are the bases or grounds for respect (4) What slipway of hazarding and forbearing to act express or constitute or are regulated by respect? (5) What chaste requirements, if any, are at that place to respect genuine types of aims, and what is the domain and theoretical status of such requirements?(6) Are there different levels or degrees of respect? washstand an object come to deserve less or no respect? (7) Why is respect morally important? What, if anything, does it add to morality over and above the conduct, spots, and character traits required or encouraged by heterogeneous moral principles or virtues? (8) What are the implications of respect for problematic moral and socio-political issues such as racism and sexism, pornography, privacy, punishment, responses to terrorism, paternalism in health care contexts, cultural diversity, affirmative action, abortion, and so on?1. 1 Elements of respect It is widely admit that there are different kinds of respect, which complicates the answering of these questions. For example, answers concerning nonpareil kind of respect can diverge importantly from those ab out another kind. One general distinction is between respect entirely as deportment and respect as an attitude or feeling which may or may not be expressed in or signified by behaviour. We might speak of drivers respecting the speed limit, hostile forces as respecting a cease fire agreement etc.In such grammatical cases we can be referring simply to behaviour which avoids violation of or interference with some boundary, limit, or rule, without any reference to attitudes, feelings, intentions, or dispositions. In other cases, we take respect to be or to express or signify an attitude or feeling, as when we speak of having respect for another person or for nature or of certain behaviours as manoeuvreing respect or disrespect. In what follows, focus would chiefly be on respect as attitude or feeling.There are, again, several different attitudes or feelings to which the term respect refers. Before face at differences, however, it is useful first to note some elements common among v arieties. An attitude of respect is, most slackly, a relation between a subject and an object in which the subject responds to the object from a certain perspective in some appropriate way. Respect necessarily has an object respect is always tell toward, paid to, felt about, and shown for some object.While a very wide variety of things can be appropriate objects of one kind of respect or another, the subject of respect (the respecter) is always a person, that is, a conscious rational being capable of recognizing and acknowledging things, of self-consciously and intentionally responding to them, of having and expressing values with insure to them, and of being responsible for disrespecting or failing to respect them. Though animals may love or fear us, only persons can respect and disrespect us or anything else.First, as suggested by its derivation from the Latin respicere, respect is a particular mode of apprehending the object the person who respects something pays attention to it and perceives it differently from someone who does not and responds to it in light of that perception. This perceptual element is common also to synonyms such as regard (from to watch out for) and consideration (examine (the stars) cautiously). Thus, respecting something contrasts with being oblivious or indifferent to it.An object can be perceived by a subject from a variety of perspectives for example, one might rightly regard another human individual as a rights-bearer, a judge, a superlative singer, a genuine person, or a threat to ones security. The respect one accords her in each case will be different, yet all will involve attention to her as she really is as a judge, threat, etc. As responsive, respect is object-generated rather than wholly subject-generated, something that is owed to, called for, deserved, elicited, or claimed by the object.We respect something not because we want to but because we recognize that we have to respect it. It gum olibanum is motivational it is the credit of something as forthwith determining our will without reference to what is wanted by our inclinations. In this way respect differs from, for example, liking and fearing, which have their sources in the subjects interests or desires. At the same time, respect is also an expression of elbow room it is deliberate, a matter of directed rather than grabbed attention, of reflective consideration and judgment.In particular, the subject judges that the object is due, deserves, or rightfully claims a certain response in virtue of some feature of or fact about the object that patterns that response. This feature or fact is the ground or basis in the object, that in virtue of which it calls for respect. The basis arrests us a reason to respect the object it may also indicate more precisely how to respect it. Respect is thus both subjective and objective. There are many different kinds of objects that can reasonably be respected and many different reasons why they warran t respect.Some things are dangerous or powerful and respect of them can involve fear, awe, self-protection, or submission. some other things have authority over us and the respect they are due includes acknowledgment of their authority and perhaps obedience to their authoritative commands. Other forms of respect are modes of valuing, appreciating the object as having an objective worth or importance that is independent of, perhaps level(p) at variance with, our antecedent desires or commitments. Thus, we can respect things we dont like or agree with, such as our enemies or someone elses opinion.Valuing respect is akin to esteem, admiration, veneration, reverence, and honour, while regarding something as utterly worthless or insignificant or disdaining or having contempt for it is incompatible with respecting it. Respect also aims to value its object appropriately, so it contrasts with degradation and discounting. Finally, respect is generally regarded as having a behavioural comp onent. In respecting an object, we often consider it be making legitimate claims on our conduct as well as our thoughts and feelings and are disposed to behave appropriately.Appropriate behaviour includes refraining from certain treatment of the object or acting only in particular ways in conjunctive with it, ways that are regarded as fitting, deserved by, or owed to the object. And there are very many ways to respect things keeping our distance from them, helping them, praising or emulating them, protecting or being careful with them. To be a form or expression of respect, behaviour has to be motivated by ones acknowledgment of the object as calling for that behaviour, and it has to be motivated directly by consideration that the object is what it is, without reference to ones own interests and desires.The attitudes of respect, then, have cognitive dimensions (beliefs, acknowledgments, judgments, deliberations, commitments), affective dimensions (emotions, feelings, ways of experi encing things), and conative dimensions (motivations, dispositions to act and forbear from acting) some forms also have valuation dimensions. The attitude is typically regarded as central to respect actions and modes of treatment typically count as respect insofar as they either manifest an attitude of respect or are of a sort through which the attitude of respect is characteristically expressed. 1. 2 Kinds of RespectThere is a four-fold distinction among kinds of respect, according to the bases in the objects. Consider the following sets of examples (a) respecting a follower highly as a scholar and having a lot of respect for someone with guts (b) a mountain climbers respect for the elements and a tennis players respect for her confrontations strong backhand (c) respecting the terms of an agreement and respecting a persons rights and (d) showing respect for a judge by rising when she enters the courtroom and respecting a worn-out flag by vehement it rather than tossing it in the trash.The respect in (a), evaluative respect, is similar to other favourable attitudes such as esteem and admiration. Obstacle respect, in (b), is a matter of regarding the object as something that, if not taken straightlaced account of in ones decisions about how to act, could prevent one from achieving ones ends. The objects of (c) directional respect are directives things such as requests, rules, advice, laws, or rights claims that may be taken as guides to action.The objects of (d) institutional respect are social institutions or practices, the positions or roles defined within an institution or practice, and persons or things that occupy the positions or represent the institution. These four forms of respect differ in several ways. Each identifies a quite different kind of feature of objects as the basis of respect. Besides four-fold classification, some argue there should be a fifth form, care respect, which is exemplified in an environmentalists deep respect for nature.Thi s digest of respect draws explicitly from a feminist ethics of care and has been influential in feminist and non-feminist discussions of respecting persons as unique, particular individuals. Other kinds of respect recognition respect and appraisal respect. Recognition respect is the disposition to give appropriate weight or consideration in ones practical deliberations to some fact about the object and to regulate ones conduct by constraints derived from that fact. Appraisal respect, by contrast, is an attitude of positive appraisal of a person or their merits, which are features of persons that manifestexcellences of character. 2. Respect for Persons People can be the objects or recipients of different forms of respect. We can (directive) respect a persons legal rights, show (institutional) respect for the president by calling him Mr. President, have a healthy (obstacle) respect for an easily arouse person, (care) respect someone by cherishing her in her concrete particularity, ( evaluative) respect an individual for her commitment to a worthy project. Thus the mentation of respect for persons is ambiguous. 3. Respect for Nature and Other NonpersonsAlthough persons are the paradigm objects of moral recognition respect, it is a matter of some debate whether they are the only things that we ought morally to respect. One serious dissent raised is that in claiming that only rational beings are ends in themselves deserving of respect, it licenses treating all things which arent persons as mere means to the ends of rational beings, and so it supports morally abhorrent attitudes of domination and exploitation toward all nonpersons and toward our immanent environment.Taking issue that only persons are respect worthy, many philosophers have argued that such nonpersons as manhood who are not agents or not yet agents, human embryos, plants, species, all living things, the natural ecosystem of our planet, and even mountains, and rocks, have moral standing or worth a nd so are appropriate objects of or are owed moral recognition respect. Of course, it is possible to value such things instrumentally as they serve human interests, but the idea is that such things matter morally and have a claim to respect in their own right, singly of their usefulness to humans. 4. Self-RespectWhile there is much controversy about respect for persons and other things, there is surprising agreement among moral and political philosophers about at least this much concerning respect for oneself self-respect is something of great importance in everyday life. Indeed, it is regarded both as morally required and as of the essence(p) to the ability to live a satisfying, meaningful, flourishing lifea life worth livingand just as vital to the quality of our lives together. Saying that a person has no self-respect or acts in a way no self-respecting person would act, or that a social institution underminesthe self-respect of some people, is generally a strong moral criticis m. Nevertheless, as with respect itself, there is philosophical disagreement, both real and merely apparent, about the nature, scope, grounds, and requirements of self-respect. Self-respect is often defined as a sense of worth or as due respect for oneself it is frequently (but not always correctly) identified with or compared to self-esteem, self-confidence, dignity, self-love, a sense of honour, self-reliance, pride, and it is contrasted (but not always correctly) with servility, shame, humility, self-abnegation, arrogance, self-importance.In addition to the questions philosophers have addressed about respect in general, a number of other questions have been of particular concern to those interested in self-respect, such as (1) What is self-respect, and how is it different from related notions such as self-esteem, self-confidence, pride, and so on? (2) Are there objective conditionsfor example, moral standards or correct judgmentsthat a person must meet in order to have self-respe ct, or is self-respect a subjective phenomenon that gains support from any sort of self-valuing without regard to correctness or moral acceptability?(3) Does respecting oneself conceptually or causally require or lead to respecting other persons (or anything else)? And how are respect for other persons and respect for oneself alike and unalike? (4) How is self-respect related to such things as moral rights, virtue, autonomy, integrity, and individuality? (5) Is there a moral duty to respect ourselves as there is a duty to respect others? (6) What features of an individuals psychology and experience, what aspects of the social context, and what modes of interactions with others support or undermine self-respect?(7) Are social institutions and practices to be judged just or unjust (at least in part) by how they affect self-respect? Can considerations of self-respect help us to better understand the nature and wrongness of injustices such as oppressiveness and to determine effective and morally appropriate ways to resist or end them? 5. Conclusion perfunctory actions insist that respect and self-respect are personally, socially, politically, and morally important and philosophical discussions of the concepts bear this out.Their roles in our lives as individuals, as people living in complex relations with other people and surrounded by a plethora of other beings and things on which our attitudes and actions have tremendous effects, cannot, as these discussions reveal, be taken lightly. The discussions thus far shed light on the nature and significance of the various forms of respect and self-respect and their positions in a nexus of profoundly important but philosophically challenging and contestable concepts. These discussions also reveal that much more work remains to be done in clarifying these attitudes and their places among and implications for our concepts and our lives.