16 Questions to be Graded Essay Example for Free

16 Questions to be Graded Essay1. The investigateers analyzed the data they collected as though it were at what level of quantity?a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval/ratio d. Experimental2. What was the mean posttest authorization score for the control group?97.123. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression make headway of the experimental group. Was this an expected finding? fork over a rationale for your answer.The mean baseline for depression 14.00 and the post-test for depression was 13.36. The post-test score is 0.64 lower than the baseline score which is what the teaching hypothesized. The study results state This study found that there were significant differences in improvement of empowerment, self-care self-efficacy, and depression in patients who were in the intervention group using empowerment strategies than with the control group patients (Grove, 2007).4. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group. Do these scores stren gthen or weaken the validity of the research results? suffer a rationale for your answer.The mean baseline and post-test depression score was 10.40. These scores strengthen the validity of the research results because it shows that depression did not improve for the patients inside the control group but the scores did change for the patients in the experimental group.5. Which groups test scores had the least amount of variability or dispersion?Provide a rationale for your answer.The control group had the least amount of variability with the depressionscore which stayed with a SD of 10.4.6. Did the empowerment variable or self-care self-efficacy variable border the greatest amount of dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer.The empowerment variable demonstrated the greatest amount of dispersion because the mean not altogether went up by 6.64 the SD also went down by 1.91 suggesting the scores are also closer to accurate.7. The mean () is a measure of __central__ __tendency_ _ of a distribution spell the SD is a measure of __dispersion_____ of its scores. Both and SD are ____descriptive_____ statistics.8. What was the mean sourness for nephritic disease for the research subjects? What was the dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity scores? Did the severity scores vary significantly between the control and the experimental groups? Is this important? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects was moderately severe with a mean of 6.74, SD of 2.97, from a range of 0-10. The severity scores did not vary significantly and it is important to adopt the same severity of disease across the board so the outcomes can be true.9. Which variable was least affected by the empowerment program? Provide a rationale for your answer.The mean for the control group was least affected by the empowerment program only rising 0.4.10. Was it important for the researchers to include the append means and SD s for the study variables in Table 2 to promote the readers understanding of the study results? Provide a rationale for your answer.Yes it was important to include the totals so at a glance anyone can see that even when the experimental and control groups are combined the results still show an improvement in all triple categories.ReferencesGrove, S. K. (2007). Statistics for Health Care Research A Practical Workbook. VitalSource Bookshelf version. Retrieved from http//pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-1-4160-0226-0/outline/16The citation provided is a guideline, please check each citation for accuracy before use.

Adult Learning Today Essay Example for Free

Adult Learning Today EssaySummaryAdult learn has become the number one priority in everyones lives. The motivation and drive that is brought on by dreams and goals is phenomenal. Adult learners must be motivated to want to further their program line. Back in the 20th century miscellaneous individuals, such as John Dewey, Eduard Lindeman, and Martha Anderson all pursued theories about Andragogy which was first used by Alexander Kapp in 1833 (Abela J, 2009). Andragogy means man and was used to hear the educational theory of the Greek philosopher Plato. Adults engaging in continuing education were studied in this theory. Andragogy assumes that adults are independent, have various experiences, are motivated by internal drives, and integrate their learning into everyday life (Abela J, 2009). It is easier to learn and apprise when it is something that is well known.This term covers Andragogy learning theory because it is used now a day more than ever. The drive that keeps contin uing education is oneself. The drive to motivation is based off of the Hierarchy of needs self-actualization, esteem needs, social needs, safety needs, and physiological needs. The share of educators is the catalyst for motivation. It is easier to learn when the person teaching is knowledgeable and cares about the education aspects. However, reflection and motivation are insufficiently destinationed by this concept. Learning activities should address the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to what is needed to become knowledgeable in retaining the information.Feedback when learning new information becomes an important role so that one may know whether the information is organism comprehended as well as being retained for further use. Adults find motivation within the demands and desires of their lives, in providing for themselves and for their families, and in satisfying personal dreams and ambitions. indigence may also come from inside a person or the surrounding environment. In eve ryday life as well as in the work aspects furthering education is the best way to stay up to date. Andragogy is a great theory and is used in everyday life more than realized. admonitionBy looking into the reasoning behind all my motivation there are the answers I have always tried to find. What am I work towards? For who? I am an adult learner and motivation is key to my life and what I want out of it. Motivation is my drive to furthering my own education. Andragogy actually describes me perfectly. I am motivated, independent, and I apply all my knowledge to everyday life. It helps greatly when professors and educators actually work with you and help you better understand the information being taught versus skilful being a teacher for the money. I feel as if teachers online especially have lost sight of the education aspects. Left out from the summary Andragogy is a popular theory used in medical education. Theory works perfectly into my life even though I am a occupation major I also have the drive to help the elderly, so I am a certified nursing assistant.My professors have been there for me and helped me greatly. My learning style is independent much like Andragogy but, I also have to apply everything I learn into everyday life or I wint be able to retain all the information given. Motivation is the key to anything you want to achieve in life and motivation is what keeps me going during the prospicient work weeks and the long school hours. If one concept doesnt work then move onto another concept until the learning style clicks. In this article the medical field and this adult learning theory works exceptionally well. Although this may be just another theory, it is of great importance to the adult learners furthering their education.We crowd out better understand the world around us and how things are done if we understand how to retain the information given. As a full-time student, young mom, and full-time worker, online education has been more than helpful. It is my motivation to finish my associates, then finish out with my bachelors, and move forward to the next steps in my life. They say, You cant teach an old dog new tricks, teach things the first time and use all concepts needed and you will soon achieve life goals. By furthering your education you may open up doors and opportunities you would not have gotten if you had not decided to go to school. Education is the best decision you could make for yourself as well as to make the world a better place by being educated.Works CitedAbela, J. (2009). Adult learning theories and medical education a review. Malta Medical Journal, 21(1), 11-18. Merriam S (2008). Adult Learning Theory for the Twenty-First Century. Pg. 119.

Misuse Of Drugs And Alcohol: Effect on Children

Mis habit Of Drugs And intoxicantic beverage Effect on ChildrenThis seek proposal concerns the probe and analysis of the equal of maternal(p) misuse of alcoholic drink on electric shaverren. The perceptions of policy makers and members of society in the UK harbour for some(prenominal) years acknowledged the negative consequences of ebullient alcohol consumption on health, behaviour and public safety. such(prenominal) perceptions have in turn proceedsed in curbs on sale of alcohol to young quite a little and to restrictions on driving under its influence. Social workers on with professionals in areas like health, medicine and law and order are excessively working towards reducing house servant violence and disruption on theme of alcohol misuse (Bancroft, et al, 2005, p 47).The impact of enatic alcohol misuse on children has however been largely ignored, horizontal in the midst of growing concern about increasing alcohol consumption especially amongst young people (Mu rray, 2005, p 7). Recent reports highlight that children number more than 2.6 million in the UK live with dangerous drinkers, even as more than 8 million children are unseemlyly affected by alcohol misuse of family members. Families where parents misuse alcohol are by and large characterised by poorer functioning. Such families are perceived to lack cohesion, ritual and routines they have (a) lesser levels of oral and physical expression, display of positive feelings, and caring and warmth, and (b) greater degrees of unresolved conflict (Murray, 2005, p 9).Misuse of alcohol by parents is seen to be causal in (a) adverse physiological and physical outcomes for children and (b) fostering of environments that are unfit for children, both for development and for living. Such environments are marked by numerous incidences of neglect and direct or indirect violence (Harwin Forrester, 2002, p 84). There is a great deal of evidence to take the stand that agnate alcohol misuse disregar d harm children in diverse ways and lead to behavioural difficulties in early and later life. Children exposed to domestic conditions of parental alcohol misuse are less apt(predicate) to do well in the classroom and appear to be more prone to mental health problems in later life (Harwin Forrester, 2002, p 85). rise excessively suggests that a huge majority of alcohol dependent people in the UK had alcohol misusers for parents and work towards perpetuating the cycle for future generations (Kroll Taylor, 2003, p 25). There is also disturbing evidence to reveal that parental misuse of alcohol is epochally associated with deaths and serious abhorrence. Studies of adults, who are homeless, imprisoned or have substance misuse problems show significant association of such people with parents who misuse alcohol (Kroll Taylor, 2003, p 27).1.2. Aims and ObjectivesThe proposed investigate study aims to study the impact of parental misuse of alcohol in detail, with specific regard its relevance for social work theory and practice. The objectives of the dissertation are as underTo investigate the short and long term consequences of parental alcohol misuse on children?To investigate the relevance of the issue in catamenia social work theory and practice?To assess the rationale, validity and effectivity of sure social work approaches in improving the situation, with regard to both results and costsTo provide recommendations on improving policy and practice approaches towards improving outcomes for children of parents with alcohol misuse problems.2. Literature Review2.1. Short and Long Term Consequences of Parental Alcohol Misuse on ChildrenResearch reveals that children of parents who misuse alcohol consumption can suffer from a variety of physical, psychological and behavioural problems with short and long term outcomes. As alcohol problems differ in character, severity and time period, their impact upon children also varies (Murray, 2005, p 4). It is however c lear from national and international studies that the children of families in which one or both parents engage in alcohol abuse have greater problems than others. Seven important features of the family lives of these children, namely (1) roles, (2) rituals, (3) routines, (4) social life, (5) finances, (6) communication, and (7) conflict could be adversely affected (Murray, 2005, p 5).Whilst parents with alcohol abuse problems cannot certainly be equated with distressing or uncaring parents, research does suggest that alcohol problems adversely affect parenting quality. excessive drinking can make individuals emotionally unavailable, unpredictable and inconsistent and result in passive, neglectful or even harsh parenting (Grekin, et al, 2005, p 15). With children learning from their parents about who they are, particularly in relation to others, children of parents who engage in alcohol abuse are likely to get ambiguous and inconsistent information, primary(prenominal)ly because of the unpredictability on the behaviour and responses of such parents (Grekin, et al, 2005, p 18).Whilst inconsistency occurs mainly on account of the unpredictable way in which such parents behave, such impulsiveness and irresponsibility in their behaviour results in the imposition of responsibilities on children that are excessive and beyond their years, which in turn affects their education, their family life and their family relationships with their peers (Murray, 2005, p 9). Such children also face high risks of social exclusion because of their urge to conceal their parental drinking from their friends. Such children sometimes carers of their parents, especially in circumstances of domestic violence and can ally with the drinking parent or against him or her. Psychologists and behavioural specialists state that children of problem drinkers could dissect to internalise their feelings of worth and trust and often learn not to trust, feel or talk. They may also be worried about the abilities of their parents to safeguard them and and so find it difficult to trust others (Murray, 2005, p 9).Children of parents with alcohol problems are at significantly greater risk of witnessing and experiencing verbal, physical, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect. Excessive alcohol consumption plays a major role in 25 to 33 % of known child abuse cases (Kroll Taylor, 2003, p 29). Children of problem drinkers are also extremely likely to blame themselves for the difficulties experienced by their families in nave attempts to make their environment become better able in supporting them. Such children are also likely to carry their experiences of childhood into adulthood. Unborn children of mothers engaged in alcohol abuse during pregnancy can develop Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), involving a variety of mental and physical health problems (Kroll Taylor, 2003, p 34).2.2. Resilience among Children of People with Alcohol Consumption ProblemsWhilst many of the problems descr ibed above place significant demands on social workers, especially when they continue through generations, it is also true that some children of parents with drinking problems do not seem to face as many difficulties as others. They appear to have greater resilience (Murray, 2005, p 5). Contemporary research reveals that certain protective processes and factors can reduce the adverse effect of parental alcohol difficulties on children, in the short as well as the long term. Such protective factors include high degrees of confidence and egotism esteem, self efficacy, ability to handle change, intimately problem solving skills, strong and positive family functioning, close and positive bonding with one or more caring adults, and good support networks beyond the family (Murray, 2005, p 7). Protective processes on the other hand include planning on behalf of children to make their lives less disruptive by (a) diminution of the impact of risks by altering the exposure of children to s uch risks, and (b) development and maintenance of self efficacy and self-esteem and self efficacy, and (c) improving the care provided by parents (Murray, 2005, p 7).2.3. Social Work Policy and Practice for Children of Parents with Alcohol Related ProblemsThe national policy for dealing with adults with alcohol related problems is fragmented and approaches the issue from different angles. The main components of the governments national policy towards containment of alcohol misuse are as under (Galvani, 2006, p 3-7)The National Alcohol Harm Reduction outline for England focused upon the necessary for services in the area of alcohol and domestic abuse to function together to address the issue.The guidance document for the delivery of alcohol strategy acknowledges the requirement for assessment of consequences of alcohol problems on children.The guidance document on alcohol misuse intervention focuses on the ways in which PCTs, along with local authorities, criminal justice agencies and voluntary agencies should understand and implement their roles in dealing with alcohol related crimes.The Drug and Alcohol National Occupational Standards appreciates the requirement for workers to be able to safeguard and reduce the risk of abuse, both by and to their clients.The vision for services for children and young people who are affected by domestic violence guides commissioners on (a) the important aspects of support for children and young people experiencing domestic abuse, (b) assessment of gaps in local services, and (c) their priorities for action.The Children Act 1989 and its subsequent amendments incorporates the witnessing or hearing of wild treatment of children by other persons to be included in parameters for assessment of harm.The National Service Framework for children, young people and maternity services focuses upon relationship conflict and alcohol and drug use as important areas where parents could require early intervention as well as multi-agency sup port.The 2009 Task Force communicate in response to Lord Lamings Report states that many children continue to be at risk of harm on from the people they should otherwise be rely on for care and love and that the government is responsible for doing everything possible to safeguard such vulnerable children (HM Government, 2009, p 29). The 2011 Munro Report on child protection states the need for abandoning the old standardised and bureaucratic approach to child protection and customising services on the basis of the experiences and needs of children Monroe, 2010, p 1).The recently elected coalition government is in the process of assessing and reshaping national policy towards social work and some refocus of attention of policy makers on the consequences of impact of parental alcohol misuse on children is expected.2.4. Research QuestionsThe aims and objectives of the proposed research, along with the information predominateed from a brief review of literature have resulted in the fo rmulation of the following research questions.Research Question 1 What are the short and long term consequences of parental misuse of alcohol on children?Research Question 2 How is current social work policy and practice dealing with this problem?Research Question 3 What is the rationale of existing policies and practices for improving the lives of children threatened by excessive parental consumption of alcohol?Research Question 4 What is the validity of such policies and practices and what is the extent of their effectiveness?Research Question 5 How can current policies and practices be improved for bettering the life outcomes of children at risk from parents who engage in excessive alcohol consumption?3. Research manner3.1. Choice of Research MethodSocial research is by and large conducted with the use of positivist and interpretivist epistemologies, which in turn largely call for the respective use of quantitative and qualitative methods of research (Bryman, 2004, p 43).With th e issue under investigation being extremely complex and multifaceted, the use of quantitative methods is hardly likely to yield any substantial or new results. Quantitative surveys on the issue have already revealed the various problems that can stem from excessive alcohol consumption by parents on their children. The use of interpretivist methodology and qualitative research techniques should help in the investigation and analysis of the subject under issue.It is proposed to obtain relevant information on the subject from get primary and secondary sources, whilst information from secondary sources will be obtained from the substantial amount of information and research findings on the subject that is publicly available. The researcher proposes to obtain primary information through the conduct of detailed one-to-one interviews with three social workers who have been closely involved in providing services to the families and children of people distress from alcohol misuse problems. The interviews will be conducted carefully with the use of a range of open and close ended questions and will hopefully lead to interest and relevant information.3.2. EthicsThe researcher will take all measures to follow appropriate ethical codes of conduct, with regard to informed consent, confidentiality, absence of coercion, and freedom to answer or not to answer questions. Efforts will be made to ensure that the research is totally original and devoid of any form of plagiarism (Creswell Clark, 2006, p 69).

Effects of Radiation in Biological Systems

Effects of Radiation in Biological SystemsAs stated in the oxford concise colour medical dictionary radio receiverbiology is the branch of knowledge dealing with the consequences of radiotherapy therapy on biological systems. It is further stated that a sequence of events that deals with the absorption of animation from ionizing ir radioactivity to the efforts of the organism in put in to compensate for the effect of this energy absorption and the damage to the organism that may be shitd.There ar a number of topics of study in radiobiology. The effect of ionizing radiation together with how it affects financial backing carrells pull up stakes be further apologizeed. Bushong (199829-32) states that the biologic set up of ionizing radiation represent the efforts of living things to deal with energy absorbed by them, after an interaction with such radiation. holded by the author it is stated that when ionizing radiation interacts with a kiosk, ionization and excitat ions are begetd in every critical biologic macromolecule called targets e.g. DND, or in the medium which electric cellular organelles are suspended eg. Water. Based on the site of these interactions, it can be classified as either educate or indirect.The personal effects of radiation on living cells vary, depending on the flake, intensity of exposure and the cell as discussed by Tubiana and Dutreix (199022). Radiation is an emission of ionising radiation. well-kept by the preceding(prenominal) authors, at number 1-spirited levels, radiation damage can be repaired by living cells with no effects, however, spunkyer supermans leas to sterility, mutation, which confuses cells resulting in the reproducing rapidly cell shoemakers last. Cell damage can result in two ways namely direct radiation action, which harms molecules directly and indirect, by ionizing molecules turning them into venomous compounds create damage.Some of the other aspects that are going to be discussed an d explained below are cell structure, cycle and death irradiation of cells direct and indirect effects of radiation interactions of gamma rays with matter foetal irradiation cell survival curves properties of cell survival curves therapeutic implications oxygen effect factors influencing oxygen effect the five Rs of radiobiology and in the end radiation protection.CELL STRUCTURE, CELL CYCLE CELL DEATHDiscussed by Ford (20015) Atoms form molecules which make macromolecules, then build complex organic structures, and then cell which are the main structural comp onenessnt of tissues as well as reflects all features of life. They have similar structures but specialize gibe to their location. Cells consume inorganic compounds as well as organic compounds.Henry and Suntharalingam (200612) explain that there are two categories of cells namely prokaryotic and eukaryotic. maintained by the to a higher place author . Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and are surrounded with a nuclear m embrane. They do not contain any membranous organelles e.g. Mitochondria. However. On the other hand, eukaryotic cells have membranous organelles as well as a real nucleus. They are more highly developed compared to prokaryotic cells.The cell cycle is defined as the interval between the midpoint of mitosis in a cell and the midpoint of the subsequent mitosis in both daughter cells according to Millar and Levine (1998102). Maintained by the supra authors it describes the pointednesss through which a cell passes through as it replicates. The length of time a cell may take to distinguish the cell cycle is highly variable. The basic division of the cell cycle is mitosis and interphase. Cells may withal be in a special state cognize as the resting phase when not making any effort to divide and cells in this phase are roughlyly terminally differentiated cells. check to Tubianna and Dutreix (199086) the M phase is the period where the cell actively divides into two daughter cells. The re are two related events namely mitosis and cytokinesis. The synthesis and mitosis of the cell cycle are sepa consider by two gaps, G1 and G2 when respectively, deoxyribonucleic acid has not been synthesised or DNA has been synthesised but other metabolic processes are taking place. Elizabeth (20031) explains that cells are generally most radio- warm in the mitosis and G2 phases and most radio-resistant in the late S phase. Maintained by the above author Cytokinesis completes the M phase, however cells do not always bear with cytokinesis, instead forming multinucleate giant cells. This can either be normal or can be due to errors in mitosis.Explained by Tubiana and Dutreix (1990 89) Cell death of static cells is defined as the loss of specific function. For stem cells and other cells capable of many divisions, cell death is defined as the loss of generative integrity (reproductive death).the above authors further explain that when cells are exposed to ionising radiation, the bio logical effects of radiation results mainly from damage to the DNA, however there are also other sites within the cell that, when damaged may lead to cell death. The capability of a single cell to grow into a large colonization shows that the cell has retained its reproductive integrity. scape OF CELLSElizabeth (200310) explains that when cells are exposed to ionizing radiation the standard visible effects between radiation and the atoms or molecules of the cell. The biological effects of radiation result mainly from damage to the DNA however, there are also other sites within the cell that, when damaged, may lead to cell deaths occur. Maintained by the above author a surviving cell that maintains its reproductive integrity and proliferates almost indefinitely into a large number of progeny is utter to be clonogenic. Sensitive component for radiation-induced cell cleaning rests in the cell nucleus and not in the cytoplasm. When ionizing radiation is directly absorbed in biologic al material, the damage to the cell may occur in either a direct or indirect mechanism.DIRECT INDIRECT EFFECT OF RADIATIONAccording to Bomford and Kunkler (2006 265) in direct action, the radiation interacts directly with the critical target in the cell. The atoms of the target itself may be ionized or excited, leading to the chain of physical and chemic events that eventually produce the biological damage. It is the dominant process in the interaction of high bilinear energy transfer particles such as neutrons or alpha particles with biological material. In direct action, ca employ by x-ray or gamma ray photons, the photon interaction with an atom in the cell produces a charged particle (electron) which subsequently interacts with DNA directly as discussed by Hendry and Suntharalingam (200624).Hall and giaccia (200644) explain that in indirect action, the radiation interacts with other molecules and atoms (mainly water) within the cell to produce free radicals which can, throug h diffusion in the cell, damage the critical target within the cell. It can be modified by chemical sensitizers of radiation protectors. promote explained by the above authors, Basic radiochemical reactions that may occur in water molecules disrupt by the passing of an ionizing particle which are highly reactive species that are produced in water, through the radiochemical reactions. These reactive species bring about the indirect radiation damage to biological systems by reacting and damaging the molecules in the cell. The free radicals that break the chemical bonds and produce chemical changes that lead to biologclcal damage are highly reactive molecules because they have an unpaired valence electron. About two-thirds of the biological damage by low linear energy transfer radiations e.g. X-rays , is due to indirect action and one-third due to direct action.INTERACTIONS OF GAMMA RAYS WITH MATTERDiscussed by Johnston and Fauber (201263)The steps involved in producing biological dam age by the indirect action of x-rays are the primary photon interaction which includes he photoelectric effect, Compton scatter and pair production produces a high energy electron, high energy light charged particle in moving through tissue produces free radicals in water. Maintained by the above author the free radicals may produce chemical changes in DNA from the breakage of chemical bonds and the changes in the chemical bonds results in biological effects.FOETAL IRRADIATIONAccording to Isaac (200926) Foetal radiation is known as teratogen (causes birth defects). Between conception and birth, the foetus passes through different stages of development. When a mother is pregnant, the unborn barbarian can be harmed by radiation which could result in the child having cancer and genetic defects. Due to the fact that the foetus would be highly sensitive to radiation, they are rapidly dividing, undifferentiated and have a long mitotic future.Elizabeth, M (200316) a human embryo exposed t o a large amount of radiation before 2-3 weeks of gestation could result in a miscarriage. 4-11 weeks could result in severe abnormalities of organs and 11-15 weeks in mental retardation. However, after the 20th week, the human foetus is more radiosensitive and functional defects may occur.Effects of radiation on the foetus depends on two factors namely the treat to the foetus and secondly is the stage of development at the time of exposure. An important factor to note is that an abortion should be considered only when the foetal dose has exceeded 10 cGY. The principle effects of radiation on a foetus are foetal or neonatal death, malformations, growth retardation, congenital defects and cancer induction as maintained by the above author.CELL SURVIVAL CURVESDiscussed by Hall and Giacca (2006 67) Cell survival curves which is the surviving fraction against the absorbed dose describes the relationship between the surviving fractions of cells that is the fraction of irradiated cells t hat maintain their integrity. Maintained by the above author, the cell survival against dose is graphically represented by plotting the surviving fraction on a logarithmic collection plate on the ordinate against dose on a linear scale. Typical survival curves for cells irradiate by densely ionizing radiation (low linear energy transfer).Tubiana and Dutreix (1990 26) the type of radiation influence the shape of the survival curve. For densely ionizing radiation (high linear energy transfer) the cell survival curve is almost an exponential function of dose which is shown by an almost straight line on a log-linear plot. However, for sparsely ionizing radiation (low linear energy transfer) the survival curves show an initial slope followed by a shoulder region and then becoming nearly straight at high doses as retained by the above authors. The currently used model for describing the cell survival curve is the linear-quadratic model with constants Alpha and Beta. The ratio alpha/beta gives the dose at which the linear and quadratic components of cell killing are equal.PROPERTIES OF CELL SURVIVAL CURVESAdhikar (20032) explains that for late responding tissues the survival curves are more curved than those for early responding tissues. For early effects the ratio is large and dominates at low doses however for late effects it is small and has an influence at doses lower than for early responding tissues. The above mentioned author goes on to explain that the effects of radiation on tissue as a function of dose are measured with assays and the measured results are presented in the form of cell survival curves and dose repartee curves.THERAPUTIC IMPLICATIONSBomford and Kunkler (200399) state that DNA being the target of ionizing radiation leads to several important therapeutic implications. The radiation damage that occurs in clusters that match the size of a DNA strand may be more effective in causing damage. The above authors further explain that drugs target DNA have synergistic effects with radiation whilst people with genetic defects due to radiation damage response may exhibit increased levels of DNA mutation or cell death. Points in cell cycle where the DNA is more susceptible to damage are also more sensitive to radiation and the cycling of cells has an impact on the radio sensitivity of the cell type. group O EFFECTFranckowiak (20082) explains that when ionizing radiations transverse through matter, they gradually loose energy through various interaction processes along their path. For certain absorbers the rate of energy loss depends on the type of radiation as well as the density of the material. Maintained by the above author the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter by a particular type of radiation is known as linear energy transfer which is a function of the potbelly and charge of the radiation.Carlton and Adler (2006344) explain that Electromagnetic radiation, having no mass or charge produces fast electrons with negligible mass and a negative charge. Due to this, the probability of an electron interacting with an atom is relatively small resulting in the ionizations produced being distant and far from each other consequently terming electromagnetic radiation as linear energy transfer radiation. In contrast to electromagnetic radiation, highly ionizing radiations e.g. Alpha-particles that have a predictable mass, have a greater chance of interacting with matter, producing short distance ionizations. Different linear energy transfer radiations produce different degrees of the same biologic response. However, equal doses of linear energy transfer do not produce the same biologic response. This was retained by the above authors.Travis (1989207) explains that the ability of radiation with different linear energy transfers produce a specific biologic response called the relative biologic effect. It is a comparison of a dose of test radiation that produces the same bi ological response. Maintained by the above author ,when comparing the two types of radiation that differ in nature or energy, the relative biological effectiveness when compared, represents the absorbed dose which results in a given biological effect. Therefore the concept must refer to a well-defined biological effect of a particular level.FACTORS INFLUENCING OXYGEN EFFECTFord (200110) discusses that some of the factors that influence the oxygen effect are chemical, biological and technical. In chemical, the oxygen concentration may be increased by internal or external methods. In biological, if the patient suffers from chronic airways disease or other problems with oxygen transport, then the oxygen concentration allow be lower and prevalence of hypoxic cells will be increased. However, in technical, these have minimal impact on the oxygen effect, maintained by the above author.THE FIVE RS OF RADIOBIOLOGYBomford and Kunkler (2003236) explain that there are five Rs in the radiother apy process namely repair, redistribution, reoxygenation, repopulation and lastly radio sensitivity and these will be further explained below.REPAIRThis is one of the primary reasons to fractionate radiotherapy and there are third types of damage that ionizing radiation can cause to cells. These are deadly, sub lethal and potentially lethal damages. Maintained by the above authors, by splitting radiation dose into smaller parts cells are allowed to repair sub lethal damage depending on the ability to recognize damage, repair pathways and cell cycle arrest. However, normal cells with intact repair pathways are able to repair the sub lethal damage by the time the side by side(p) fraction is delivered. However, if the dose rate is sufficiently low, repair may be able to take place during radiotherapy treatment which reduces the cell death and is one reason low dose treatment show reduces effectiveness to high dose rate treatment as stated by Isaac (200920).REDISTRIBUTIONSunthalingam a nd Hendry (200612) state that redistribution occurs during low dose rate which may increase cell killing, although it is minimal compare to the increased repair. When radiotherapy is given to a population of cells, they may be in different parts of the cell cycle. A small dose of radiation delivered over a short time period will kill a lot of sensitive cells and less of the resistant cells.REOXYGENATIONOxygenation status may change during treatment due to tumours being acutely or chronically hypoxic. Acute hypoxia is due to the closure of capillaries or arterioles supplying parts of the tumour. While unsympathetic, tumour cells become hypoxic and resistant to the indirect action of radiation. These vessels are usually closed for a short time but may occur during a fractionated dose of radiation. Splitting dose into fractions raises possibility of closed vessels being opened the next time, hence allowing the tumour cells to be killed as explained by Sunthalingam and Hendry (200613) .Maintained by the above authors, chronic hypoxia is due to the poor vasculature of tumours and oxygen has to travel far to strand so forth cells that are far. These cells are resistant to radiation, fractionated radiation therapy kills cells that lie close to capillary more effectively thus being able to move closer to their food source becoming relatively toxic and these cells can be killed.REPOPULATIONBomford and Kunler (2003237) explain that repopulation is the increase in cell division that is seen in normal and malignant cells at some point after radiation is delivered. Repopulation of normal tissues occurs at different speeds depending on the tissue. Maintained by the above authors, early responding tissues begin repopulation and by change magnitude treatment over a certain time period reduces early toxicity in that tissue. However late responding tissue only begin repopulation after the radiation cause has being completed and therefore repopulation has minimal effects.Adh ikar (20034) explains that repopulation of malignant tissues are when some tumours exhibit accelerated repopulation which is a dangerous phenomenon that must be counted if treatment time extends. Methods to do this include accelerated treatment with hyper fractionation to minimise late effects.RADIOSENSITIVITY piano tuner sensitivity cells include haematological cell. Radio resistant cells include myocytes, neurons and tumour cells such as melanoma and sarcoma as explained by Adhikar (20034).RADIATION PROTECTIONAs discussed by Carlton and Adler (2006 153-155) there are three principles of personnel exposure reduction namely time distance and shielding. A decrease in time working with or in the vicinity of radiation will increase exposure and decrease the dose. Maintained by the above author increasing the distance between the source of radiation and the individual will decrease exposure. Bushong (199854) also mentions that shielding decreases the exposure that is used when time and distance cannot be implemented. Examples of shielding are gonad shields, lead aprons, lead line doors etc.CONCLUSIONAs we all know now know, radiobiology deals with the effects of radiation in biological systems. Radiation is energy in the form of waves and particles that are emitted from a source that comes in many forms however it may not always be a dangerous thing. The forms of radiation that are especially dangerous to living things are those with energy sufficient to penetrate tissues and then ionize the atoms they pass along the way which damage tissues by disrupting normal cellular chemistry and are mutagenic and carcinogenic.Cell damage can result in two ways namely direct radiation action, which harms molecules directly and indirect, by ionizing molecules turning them into toxic compounds causing damage. Discussed above and throughout the assignment we see how a cell together with their structure until death occurs due to irradiation of cells by either direct or indirect e ffects of radiation. We also looked at interactions of gamma rays with matter as well as effects of foetal irradiation. Cell survival curves together with their properties as well as theraputic implications and oxygen effect were explained. The five Rs in radiobiology play an important aspect together with ways of protecting yourself and others from the harmful effects of radiation.

Analysis of Theory Z of Management

Analysis of scheme Z of ManagementTHEORY ZDefinitionIt is a focal point theory positive by William Ouchi, describing the Nipponese placement of precaution characterized by the giveers deep involvement in counselling, laster productivity than the U.S. Management model, and a highly developed system of organizational and sociological rewards. Ouchi contends that this management system can be used anywhere with equal success. supposition Z is an come along to management based upon a combination of American and Japanese management philosophies and characterized by, among other things, long-term job security, consensual decision making, slow evaluation and promotional material procedures, and individual responsibility inwardly a group context. Proponents of Theory Z suggest that it leads to improvements in organizational public presentation. The quest sections highlight the development of Theory Z, Theory Z as an approach to management including each of the characteristics n oted above, and an evaluation of Theory Z. Realizing the historical context in which Theory Z emerged is helpful in understanding its underlying principles. The following section provides this context.DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY ZKnowing the historical context in which Theory Z emerged is helpful in understanding its underlying principles. Theory Z has been called a sociological description of the humanistic organizations advocated by management pioneers such as Elton Mayo, Chris Argyris, Rensis Likert, and Douglas McGregor. In fact, the descriptive phrase, Theory Z. can be traced to the work of Douglas McGregor in the 1950s and 1960s. McGregor, a psychologist and college president, identified a negative set of assumptions about human nature, which he called Theory X, while those he categorised in Theory Y were more(prenominal) positive about human nature as it relates to employees. In McGregors view, managers who adopted Theory Y beliefs would exhibit different, more humanistic, and in conclusion more effective management styles. McGregors work was read widely, and Theory Y became a well-known prescription for improving management practices.But in the mid-seventies and 1980s, more United States industries lost market share to international competitors, particularly Japanese companies. Concerns about the competitiveness of U. S. companies led some to examine Japanese management practices for clues to the success enjoyed by many of their industries. This led to many articles and books purporting to explain the success of Japanese companies. It was in this atmosphere that Theory Z was introduced into the management lexicon. This theory was presented by William Ouchi in his 1981 book, Theory Z How American Management can meet Japanese Challenge. Ouchi is professor of Management at UCLA, Los Angeles, and a board member of some(prenominal) large US organisations.Theory Z was first identified as a unique management approach by William Ouchi. Ouchi contrasted America n types of organizations ( lineament A) that were rooted in the United States tradition of individualism with Japanese organizations (Type J) that drew upon the Japanese heritage of collectivism. He argued that an emerging management philosophy, which came to be called Theory Z, would allow organizations to enjoy many of the advantages of both systems. Professor Ouchi advocated a modified American approach to management that would capitalize on the best characteristics of Japanese organizations while retaining aspects of management that are deeply rooted in U.S. traditions of individualism. Ouchi cited several companies as examples of Type Z organizations and proposed that a Theory Z management approach could lead to great employee job satisfaction, put down rates of absenteeism and turnover, higher quality products, and better overall financial performance for U.S. firms adapting Theory Z management practices.THEORY Z AS AN APPROACH TO heedTheory Z represents a humanistic approa ch to management. Although it is based on Japanese management principles, it is not a pure form of Japanese management. Instead, Theory Z is a hybrid management approach combining Japanese management philosophies with U.S. culture. In addition, Theory Z breaks away from McGregors Theory Y. Theory Y is a largely psychological perspective focusing on individual dyads of employer-employee relationships while Theory Z changes the level of analysis to the entire organization.According to Professor Ouchi, Theory Z organizations exhibit a watertight, homogeneous set of cultural values that are similar to clan cultures. The clan culture is characterized by homogeneousness of values, beliefs, and objectives. Clan cultures emphasize complete socialization of members to execute congruence of individual and group goals. Although Theory Z organizations exhibit characteristics of clan cultures, they retain some elements of bureaucratic hierarchies, such as formal authority relationships, perfo rmance evaluation, and some work specialization. Proponents of Theory Z suggest that the common cultural values should promote greater organizational commitment among employees.EVALUATION OF THEORY ZResearch into whether Theory Z organizations outperform others has yielded mixed results. Some studies suggest that Type Z organizations achieve benefits both in terms of employee satisfaction, motivation, and commitment as well as in terms of financial performance. Other studies conclude that Type Z organizations do not outperform other organizations.Difficulties in the Japanese economy in the 1990s led some researchers to suggest that the widespread admiration of Japanese management practices in the 1970s and 1980s might have been misplaced. As a result, Theory Z has also received considerable criticism. It is unclear whether Theory Z will have a lasting impact on management practices in the U. S. and around the world into the twenty-first century, but by positioning butt joint resear ch at the organizational level rather then the individual level, Ouchi will surely leave his mark on management practice for historic period to come.Management ConceptsMotivation Believes that people are innately self motivated to not only do their work, but also are loyal towards the company, and neediness to make the company succeed.Leadership Theory Z managers would have to have a great deal of trust that their workers could make sound decisions. Therefore, this type of attractor is more likely to act as coach, and let the workers make most of the decisions.Power and Authority The managers ability to exercise power and authority comes from the workers trusting management to take care of them, and allow them to do their jobs. The workers have a great deal of input and weight in the decision making process. troth Conflict in the Theory Z arena would involve a great deal of discussion, collaboration, and negotiation. The workers would be the ones solving the conflicts, while the m anagers would play more of a trey party arbitrator role.Performance Appraisals Theory Z emphasises more frequent performance appraisals, but slower promotions.THE PRIMARY FEATURES OF THEORY Z1. Long-Term utilisationTraditional U.S. organizations are plagued with short-term commitments by employees, but employers using more traditional management perspective may inadvertently incite this by treating employees precisely as replaceable cogs in the profit-making machinery. In the United States, employment at will, which essentially means the employer or the employee can terminate the employment relationship at any time, has been among the dominant forms of employment relationships. Conversely, Type J organizations more often than not make life-long commitments to their employees and expect loyalty in return, but Type J organizations set the conditions to encourage this. This promotes stability in the organization and job security among employees.2. Consensual Decision MakingThe Typ e Z organization emphasizes communication, collaboration, and consensus in decision making. This marks a contrast from the traditional Type A organization that emphasizes individual decision-making.3. Individual ResponsibilityType A organizations emphasize individual accountability and performance appraisal. Traditionally, performance measures in Type J companies have been oriented to the group. Thus, Type Z organizations retain the emphasis on individual contributions that are characteristic of most American firms by recognizing individual achievements, albeit within the context of the wider group.4. Slow Evaluation And PromotionThe Type A organization has generally been characterized by short-term evaluations of performance and quick promotion of high achievers. The Type J organization, conversely, adopts the Japanese model of slow evaluation and promotion.5. Informal Control With Formalized MeasuresThe Type Z organization relies on informal methods of control, but does measure p erformance through formal mechanisms. This is an attempt to combine elements of both the Type A and Type J organizations.6. Moderately specialised Career PathType A organizations have generally had quite specialized career paths, with employees avoiding jumps from functional area to another. Conversely, the Type J organization has generally had quite non-specialized career paths. The Type Z organization adopts a middle-of-the-road posture, with career paths that are less specialized than the traditional U.S. model but more specialized than the traditional Japanese model.7. Holistic ConcernThe Type Z organization is characterized by concern for employees that goes beyond the workplace. This philosophy is more consistent with the Japanese model than the U.S. model.OverviewTheory Z is basically the combination of best aspects of Japanese and American theories. The three theories bring forth three types of firms, which is Type J Firms, Type A firms and Type Z firms. To clearly understa nd the features of theory z an understanding of the theory J and Theory A is necessary.Features of theory J spirit EmploymentCollective decision makingCollective responsibilitySlow promotionImplied control mechanismsNon specialised career PathsHolistic concern of employees.Features of Theory AShort term employmentIndividual decision makingIndividual ResponsibilityRapid promotionExplicit Control mechanismSpecialized career pathsSegmented concern for employeesTheory Z picks the best feature from each and either incorporates it as it is, or slightly modifies the feature. The end result is the Theory Z which is referred to as Best choice for American firms.Features of Theory ZLong-term employmentCollective decision makingIndividual responsibilitySlow promotionInformal ControlModerately specialized career pathsHolistic concern for employeesCONCLUSIONAccording to Ouchi, Theory Z management tends to promote stable employment, high productivity, and high employee morale and satisfaction. Th eory Z is focused on increasing employee loyalty to the company by providing a job for life with a strong focus on the well-being of the employee, both on and off the job.

Saboteur :: essays research papers

Analysts are still studying whether the two strips of cloth called gap filler that are poking out from the contributeful of the orbiter could cause uneven high temperature during re-entry that may constitute a threat to the craft and crew, the missions lead flight director, Paul Hill, said in a press briefing this morning. If the analysts decide that the gap fillers do pose a threat, he said, the mission manager may call for a risky spacewalk and mitigate maneuver in which astronauts try to pull the tough material the rest of the way out, push it in or cut it off.Mr. Hill said a spacewalk repair was not likely but that his engineers and analysts were looking closely at the issue and that he could not rule one out. Gap fillers, as their number implies, fill the gaps that NASA leaves between some shuttle tiles to allow for expansion and contraction of the shuttles body from the extremes of heat and cold that it is exposed to. The fillers themselves are heat resistant, and are ma ke of alumina-borosilicate fiber. Having gap filler poke its way out up from between tiles is not uncommon, but it could be a concern because it causes an uneven surface and can lead to unusual patterns of heating during re-entry. If a filler pokes out too much, especially if it is far forward on the shuttle so that its downstream heating affects a larger part of the shuttles belly, it could be a problem, Mr. Hill said.NASA, through a long examination of all previous landings with protruding bits of gap filler, had set in motion a comfort level with protrusions in the same areas that stick out a quarter of an inch, he said. But the two pieces on this flight are one inch and six-tenths of an inch, he said.This shuttle and the space station have been outfitted with more cameras and sensors than ever before, and so they might be detecting something that has happened many another(prenominal) times in the past it is possible that the feltlike material burns down during re-entry, and th at longer protrusions have occurred in the past. But one quarter inch is at bottom "our conventional wisdom," Mr. Hill said, and so the little strips of cloth have become an intense focus of aerodynamic analysis, he said.Aerodynamics experts have been studying the coat and the position of the two gap filler protrusions, Mr.

Poems for the Eye Are Not Merely for the Sake of Eye :: English Literature Essays

Poems for the center Are Not Merely for the Sake of Eye What is poetry? Pressed for an answer, Robert Frost made a classic reply Poetry is the kind of thing poets write. In all likelihood, Frost was not laborious merely to evade the question but to chide his questioner into thinking for himself. A trouble with definitions is that they may stop thought. The nature of poetry eludes simple definitions. Definitions testament be of little help at first, if we are to know poetry and respond to it. We have to go to it willing to see and hear. To a particular poem, thousands of readers will have thousands of understandings. A poem can please us in many aspects. We usually concentrate our attention on its sound, wording, and figure of speech. In fact, a poem in stanzas can please us by its visual symmetry. This kind of poems is usually called the poems for the eye including spatial free verse and picture poems. though many poets seem hardly to care about it, enough importance should be giv en to the visual element of poetry. At least some of our enjoyment in silently reading a poem derives from the way it looks upon its page.Poems for the eye can be divided into two types. One kind is the visual feel predominates the whole poem the other is the visual remains subordinate to the aural and other elements of the poetry.There are indeed some spatial poems that can lead us pleasure through their quarrel arrangement. And far from being merely decorative, the visual devices of a poem can be meaningful, too. For examplesThis is William Carlos Williams poem that describes an energetic bellhop runs downstairs. Beside the words sound like that man is running downstairs, the appearance of the whole poem is like the stairs. This is not only good onomatopoeia and an accurate description of a rhythm the steplike appearance of the lines goes together with their meaning. This kind of appearance or words arrangement makes the common words ta tuck a vivid.The same with the pastime Kenneth Patchens (1911-1972) poemThe ball bumps down the travelIn the two poems above, the visual quality dominates the meaning of the whole poems. You can say that the shape of the words arrangement overweighs the meaning of the words. But it does bring us pleasure. It is more interesting and meaningful and stronger than just say, ta tuck a and The ball bumps down the steps Maybe this is one of the great charms of this kind of poems.